Microsoft Word - Jadhav Kruti 3.doc

Transkripcija

1 80 Ádj.k frljs la'k /kukph dk;zi)rh 3-0 ÁLrkouk la kks/kukp;k vusd i/nrh vkgsr- R;kiSdh fuomysy;k i/nrhckcr fuomhekxhy dkj.kehekalsckcr fopkj dsysyk vkgsla kks/kukp;k vafre VII;krhy fu d kz dk<.;klkbh ladfyr dj.;kph lk/kus o ra=s vko ;d Bjrkr- ;k izdj.kke/;s la kks/kuklkbh okij.;kr vkysy;k lk/kukapk o ra=kapk R;kaP;k fuomhp;k dkj.kkapk [kqyklk la kksf/kdsus dsysyk vkgs- rlsp la kks/ku lk/kukaps fodlu dks.kr;k rúgsus dj.;kr vkys R;k fo k;h fuosnu dsys vkgslkeqxzh ladyukp;k lk/kukalkscr la kks/kukrhy uequk fuomhpk fopkj dsyk vkgs- R;klkBh uequk fuomhpk rkfrod ri khy] i/nrhph fuom] uequ;kph osf k Vs] uequk fuomhph vko ;drk Li V dsy;keqgs uequk fuomhph dyiuk Li V gks.;kl enr gksrs- 3-1 la kks/ku i/nrh % vusd la kks/kd rkkauh la kks/ku i/nrhps izdkj fofo/k fud kkuqlkj dsys vkgsr rs oxhzdj.k [kkyhyizek.ks 1½,sfrgkfld la kks/ku i/nrh (Historical Research Method) 2½ o.kzukred la kks/ku i/nrh (Descriptive Research Method) 3½ izk;ksfxd la kks/ku i/nrh (Experimental Research Method) 1½,sfrgkfld la kks/ku i/nrh (Historical Research Method)% HkwrdkGkrhy?kVuk fyf[kr Lo:ikr vlrkr o vkiy;k la kks/kukfo k;h rh vk/kkj lkeqxzh vlrs- v kk ekfgrhpk kks/k oskkfud i/nrh oki:u?ksrk ;srks- ;k la kks/ku i/nrhl,sfrgkfld la kks/ku i/nrh Eg.krkr-,sfrgkfld la kks/ku i/nrhr izkeq[;kus T;k?kVuk

2 81?kMwu xsysy;k vkgsr R;k?kVukaoj la kks/ku dj.kfo k;h gh i/nrh okijyh tkrs- 2½ o.kzukred la kks/ku i/nrh (Descriptive Research Method)% la kks/kukpk gsrw] Lo:i] vk/kkjlkeqxzh ladfyr dj.;kp;k i/nrh ;k vk/kkjs o.kzukred la kks/kukps vusd izdkj vly;kps fnlrs- ;kisdh vk/kkj lkeqxzh ladfyr dj.;kp;k i/nrhp;k vk/kkjs o.kzukred la kks/kukps nksu xvkr oxhzdj.k dsys tkrs- 3½ izk;ksfxd la kks/ku i/nrh (Experimental Research Method) : gh i/nrh oskkfud i/nrhoj vk/kkfjr vlyh rjh iz;ksx gs frps osf k V vkgs- fof k V?kVdkapk mi;ksx dsyk vlrk fof k V ifj.ke fnlrkr- ;k ifjdyiusps fuoog ifj{k.k ;sfks visf{kr ulwu brj loz?kvdkauk fu;a=hr d:u QDr,dk?kVdkP;k mi;ksxkus dks.krk cny?kmwu ;srks gs ikg.;kdfjrk dsysyk iz;ksx gs izk;ksfxd i/nrhps osf k V vkgs- 1½ Lo&fuosnu vh;kl (Self Reporting Study) ;k vh;klkr iz;qdrkdmwu iz ukoyh] eqyk[krh o izekf.kr vfhko`rrh br;knh ekfidsp;k lgk ;kus vko ;d R;k lk/ku lkeqxzhps ladyu dsys tkrs- 2½ fujh{k.k vh;kl (Observation Study) fujh{k.k vh;klkr iz;qdrkdmwu vk/kkj lkeqxzh ekfxryh tkr ukgh- rj izr;{k fujh{k.kklkj[;k ra=kp;k lgk ;kus vko ;d vk/kkj lkeqxzhps@ rf;kaps ladyu dsys tkrs-

3 82 o.kzukred la kks/ku Lo&fuosnu vh;kl fujh{k.k vh;kl 1½ loszz{k.k la kks/ku Survey Research 2½ fodklkred vh;kl Developmental Studies vfyir fujh{k.k Non- Participant Observation lghkkxh fujh{k.k Participation Observation,FkukxzkWQh Ethnography 3½ vuqorhz vh;kl Followup Studies 4½ lektferh; vh;kl Sociametric Studies izd`froknh Naturalistic vfhk:i vuq:i Simulation O;fDr vh;kl Case Studies vk k; fo ys k.k Content Analysis vf/kfo ys k.k Meta Analysis kcnx.kuk fo ys k.k Word Counting Analysis ladyiukred fo ys k.k Conceptual Analysis lanhkkzred kcnkfkz fo ys k.k Sementic Analysis 3-2 o.kzukred la kks/kukps izdkj ewy;kadukred vfhkdfku Self narrative Assment Analysis lanhkkzred fo ys k.k References Analysis ;k o.kzukred la kks/kukp;k O;ogkfjd cktwpk fopkj djrk la kksf/kdsus izlrqr la kks/kukus Lo&fuosnu vh;kl o fujh{k.k vh;kl ;k nksugh izdkjkapk,df=r fopkj d:u rf; ladyu dsysys vkgs-

4 losz{k.kkps Ádkj 1½ fo ky; losz{k.k 2½ losz{k.k ijh{k.k 3½ losz{k.k okjaokfjrk vh;kl 4½ losz{k.k ewy;kadu 5½ ikbiqjkok vh;kl 6½ U;kn'kZ losz{k.k ÁLrqr la'k /kuke/;s la'k f/kd us bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzuke/;s ;s.kkú;k lel;spk fopkj d ysyk vkgs- ljko v/;kiukps ekxzn'kzu ns.;kps dke f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;kr pkyrs] Eg.kwu la'k f/kd us fo ky; losz{k.kkph fuom d yh vkgs fo ky; losz{k.k fo ky; losz{k.kkr losz{k.k i)rhph loz osf'k"v;s ljg Lo:ikr vk<grkr ;ke/;s fo ky;k'kh lacaf/kr vlysy;k lel;k o R;kojps mik; ;kapk losz{k.kkr var kzo g r fo ky; losz{k.kkpk gsrw ;kpk eq[; gsrw 'ks{kf.kd fo ky;k'kh lacaf/kr vlysyk vh;kløe] O;oLFkkiu] fo kfkê] f'k{kd] Øfed iqlrd ] fo kf;k±ph Áxrh br;knh ckcrhr fo ky;kph flfkrh d'kh vkgs] fodklkyk fdrir oko vkgs] vmp.kh d.kr;k] R;k nwj dj.;kps ekxz d.krs br;knh Á'ukaph mrrjs fego.ks gk vkgs fo ky; losz{k.kkp;k ik;ú;k 1½ lel;k o mfì"v fuf prhs 2½ ; tukaph vk[k.kh 3½ lk/kukaph fuæerh 4½ ekfgrh ladyu

5 84 5½ ladfyr ekfgrhps oxêdj.k o vfkzfuozpu 6½ vgoky ys[ku 7½ ikbiqjkok eqgs] jk- 'ka- vkf.k mekbs] fo- rq- ¼ ½ izlrqr la kks/kukr la kksf/kdsus f kokth fo kihbk kh lyafxur vlysy;k egkfo ky;ke/;s fo ky; losz{k.k dsys o R;kuqlkj la kks/ku i/nrhph fuom dsyh o R;klkBh uequk fuom dj.;kps Bjfoys- 3-3 uequk fuom tula[;sp;k rf;kfo k;h iqokzuqeku dj.;kdfjrk tula[;srwu fuomysy;k O;Drh fdaok olrw ;kap;k ygku lapkyk uequk Eg.krkr-

6 85 uequk fuomhps izdkj lahkko;rk i/nrh Probability Method vlahkko;rk i/nrh Non-Probability Method izklafxd U;kn kz Incidential Sampling fufnz Vka k U;kn kz Quota Sampling liz;kstu U;kn kz Purposive Sampling lqxe ;kn`fpnd U;kn kz Simple Random Sampling fu;ec/n U;kn kz Systematic Sampling cgqlrjh; U;kn kz Multi Stage Sampling oxhzd`r U;kn kz Startified Random Sampling xqpn U;kn kz Cluster Sampling ykwvjh i/nrh Lottery Method ;kn`fpnd la[;ki=ds+ Table & Ramdp, Numbers eqgs] mekbs ¼1998½ i` izlrqr la kks/kuklkbh uequk fuom izlrqr la kks/kukrhy lkeqxzh ladyukpk fopkj djrk nksu Hkkxkapk fopkj djkok ykxrks- ifgyk Hkkx f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;s ¼ch-,M~-½ ;k vh;kløekrhy ljkoikb ekxzn kzu ns.;kp;k lanhkkzrhy lacaf/kr?kvdkapk vh;kl dj.ks o nqljk Hkkx bfrgkl v/;kiu i/nrh izfke o f}rh; vl.kkú;k fo kfkhz f k{kdkap;k fopkj izfø;spk kks/k o bfrgkl ikb ekxzn kzu vkjk[kmk fufezrh o ifj.kkedkjdrk kks/k.ks gs gks;-

7 86 la kks/ku dk;kzrhy fofo/k VII;kapk fopkj djrk R;klkBh T;kaP;kdMwu o T;kaP;k fo k;h ekfgrh ladyu djko;kph R;k uequk xvkpk fopkj dj.ks ;ksx; Bjsy- VIik & 1 f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;karhy uequk fuom la kks/kukp;k ;k VII;kr bfrgkl ikb ekxzn kzukrhy fofo/k?kvdkapk vh;kl djko;kpk gksrk- ;klkbh ljkoikb ekxzn kzu dj.kkú;k vuqhkoh rkkaph fuom djko;kph gksrh- ;klkbh la kksf/kdsus f kokth fo kihbk kh layxuhr loz foukvuqnkfur o vuqnkfur 20 f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;kisdh,dw.k 10 Eg.kts 50% egkfo ky;kph fuom dsyh- gh fuom lqxe ;kn`fpnd U;kn kzuke/khy (Simple Random Sampling) ykwvjh i/nrhus (Lottery Method) dsyh- 2006&2007 ks{kf.kd o kkzr 10 Eg.kts 50% brdh egkfo ky;kaph fuom dsyh rh iq<hy vkjk[km~îkko:u Li V gksbzy- rif ky fuomysyk uequk fuomysyk uequk f k{kd izf k{kd fuomysyk uequk fo kfkhz f k{kd dksygkiwj lkaxyh lkrkjk vuqnkfur foukvuqnkfur vuqnkfur foukvuqnkfur vuqnkfur foukvuqnkfur,dw.k && && && && 40

8 87 VIik & 2 f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;krhy bfrgkl fo k;kp;k f k{kd izf k{kdkaph uequk fuom bfrgkl ikb ekxzn kzukph tk.k] vuqhko] vh;kl vl.kkjs gk fud k egrokpk gksrk Eg.kwu uequk fuom dj.;kr vkysy;k f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;ke/khy 10 bfrgkl f k{kd izf k{kdkaph fuom dsyh- VIik & 3 bfrgkl fo kfkhz f k{kdkaph uequk fuom f kokth fo kihbk kh layfxur bfrgkl izfke o f}rh; v/;kiu i/nrh vl.kkú;k fo kfkhz f k{kdkap;k fopkj izfø;spk vh;kl dj.;klkbh la kksf/kdsus lks;hldj uequk fuom i/nrhpk mi;ksx d:u ekfgrh ladfyr dsyh- ;klkbh i/nrhus 3 egkfo ky;kaph fuom dsyh- R;kaph ukos iq<hyizek.ks & 1½ N- f kokth f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky; :dmh- 2½ olarjko ukbzd f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;] dgack- 3½ egkjk.kh rkjkjk.kh kklfd; v/;kid egkfo ky;] dksygkiwj ;k rhu dkwyste/khy 3 f k{kd izf k{kdkauh vuqøes 10] 5] 5 ikbkaps fujh{k.k dsys R;kpk vuo;kfkz o fu d kz izdj.k 4 e/;s tksmysyk vkgs-,dw.k uequk fuomhpk Hkkx Eg.kwu f k{k.k kkl= egkfo ky;kaph la[;k f k{kd&izf k{kd] fo kfkhz&f k{kd ;kapk lexz vkjk[kmk iq<hy izek.ks-

9 fo kihbkps ukao f kokth fo kihb f kokth fo kihb f kokth fo kihb ftygk lexz uequk fuom vkjk[kmk vuqnkfur egkfo ky;s foukvuqnkfur egkfo ky;s,dw.k egkfo ky;s f k{kd& izf k{kd la[;k 88 fo kfkhz f k{kd la[;k dksygkiwj lkaxyh && lkrkjk &&,dw.k ojhy egkfo ky;kaph] kkgkaph o f k{kd&izf k{kdkaph ukaos o ekfgrh ladyuklkbhph izek.ki=s ifjf k V Øekad 1] 2 vkf.k 3 e/;s tksmysyh vkgsrizr;sd f k{kd izf k{kdkps,dk ikbkp;k ekxzn kzukps fujh{k.k Lor% la kksf/kdsus dsys- izr;sd fo kfkhz f k{kdkp;k,dk ikbkps fujh{k.k d:u vuo;kfkz o fu d kz dk<yk R;kph ekfgrh izdj.k pkj e/;s tksmysyh vkgs- 3-4 la kks/kukph lk/kus (Research Tools) izlrqr la kks/kuklkbh la kksf/kdsus ekfgrh ladyuklkbh [kkyhy lk/kukapk okij dsyk vkgs- R;kph ;knh iq<hyizek.ks- 1½ bfrgkl ikb ekxzn kzu iz ukoyh- ¼la kks/kd fufezr½ 2½ bfrgkl ikb ekxzn kzu fujh{k.k uksanlwph-¼la kks/kd fufezr½ 3½ bfrgkl v/;kiukps ekufld fp=- 4½ bfrgkl ikb ekxzn kzu iqflrdk ¼la kks/kd fufezr½- 5½ v/;kiu izfø;k ifj.kkedkjdrsph ewy;ekiu Js.kh ¼izekf.kr½ ¼tks kh] v- u- o Hkkyo.kdj fufezr½ izlrqr la kks/kuke/;s la kksf/kdsyk iq<hy Lo:ikph ekfgrh ladfyr djko;kph gksrh-

10 lkj.kh dzekad ladfyr djko;kph ekfgrh o R;kizek.ks lk/kus v- mf6"v ua- 1- f'kokth fo kihbk'kh layfxur f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;karhy bfrgkl v/;kiu ljkoklkbhp;k ekxzn'kzu i)rhpk rksyfud vh;kl dj.ks- 2- bfrgkl v/;kiu ljkok lkbhp;k ekxzn'kzu i/nrhaps fujh{k.k dj.ks- 3- bfrgkl ljko v/;kiukp;k ekxzn'kzukuqlkj v/;kiu fu; tu djrkuk fo kfkê f'k{kdkap;k fopkj ÁfØ;spk 'k /k Äs.ks- 4- ÁFke o f}fr; v/;kiu i)rh vlysy;k fo kfkê f'k{kdklkbh ; X; ekxzn'kzu vkjk[kmk r;kj dj.ks- 5- bfrgkl ljko v/;kiu ekxzn'kzukp;k vkjk[kmókph ifj.kkedkjdrk ikg.ks- 3-5 Á'ukoyh ladfyr djko;kp;k ekfgrhps Lo:i bfrgkl v/;kiu i)rhp;k fo kfkêf'k{kdkauk ljko v/;kiuklkbh iqjoy;k tk.kkú;k ikb ekxzn'kzukph ekfgrh fo kfkhzz f'k{kd f k{kd&áf'k{kdkadms vky;kuarj R;kyk fny;k tk.kkú;k ikb ekxzn'kzu ÁfØ;sP;k lan kzrhy ÁR;{k o oklro ekfgrh (first hand information related to lesson guidance in face to face mode) bfrgkl v/;kiu i)rhp;k Áf'k{k.kkF;k±e/khy R;kauk ÁR;{k djko;kp;k oxz v/;kiuk ckcrhr R;kaP;k euke/;s r;kj >kysys fopkj- ÁfØ;k mfì"v (Process Objective) ekxzn'kzu vkjk[kmk ns.;kiwoê o ekxzn'kzu fny;kuarj oxz v/;kiukph ifj.kkedkjdrk fuf'pr dsysys lk/ku Á'ukoyh ¼la'k /kd fuæer½ fujh{k.k uksanlwph lwph ¼la'k /kd fuæer½ ekufld fp= 89 bfrgkl v/;kiu ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk ¼la'k /kd fuæer½ islv PASTE ¼izekf.kr½ v/;kiu izfdz;k ifj.kkedkjdrsph ewy;ekiu Js.kh lkekftd la'k /kuke/;s Á'ukoyhyk Qkj egÿokps LFkku vkgs- lkekftd 'kkl=ke/;s th losz{k.ks d yh tkrkr- R;kr Á'ukoyh ;k lk/kukpk okij Qkj e BÓkk Áek.kkr d yk tkr -

11 90 ^Á'ukoyh Eg.kts fo"k; olrw'kh lacaf/kr f é O;fDruk mrrjs ns.;kdjhrk fnysyh,d lwph vkgs- dúgkms] ch-,e- ¼2007½½ Á'ukoyh e/khy lekfo"v Á'uke/kwu frps Ádkj [kkyhy Áek.ks- 1½ eqdr Á'ukoyh (Open ended Question) 2½ c) Á'ukoyh (Bouinded Question) 3½ fej Á'ukoyh (Complex Question) Á'ukoyh fueêrhe/;s [kkyhy ik;ú;kapk lekos'k vlr - 1½ mfí"vkuqlkj Á'ukoyh ák lk/kukaph fuom dj.ks- 2½ lel;sps fo'ys"k.k d:u isyw fuf'pr dj.ks- 3½ ÁR;sd isywoj Á'u r;kj dj.ks- 4½ Á'ukaph fuom dj.ks- 5½ Á'ukaps iqujkoy du dj.ks- 6½ Á'ukoyhph jpuk dj.ks- 7½ Á'ukoyhps iqujkoy du dj.ks- 8½ iwoz pkp.khph fo'olfu;rk (Realability) ikg.ks- 9½ Á'ukoyh imrkgk lwph Áek.ks rikl.ks 10½ vafre Á'ukoyh r;kj dj.ks- t 'kh] v- u- vkf.k dq'kkjs] d:.kk ¼ ½ ÁLrqr la'k /kuke/;s ;k ik;ú;kapk fopkj d:u iq<hy Ádkjs la'k f/kd us Á'ukoyh r;kj d yh- ik;jh 1 ÁLrqr la'k /kuke/;s bfrgkl v/;kiu ljko ikbklkbh Á'ukoyhph mfì"vs] lel;srhy isyw fuf'pr d ys-

12 91 lkj.kh Øekad Á'ukoyhrhy isyw izkfkfed ekfgrh iz'u ikbvkp.k laca/kh iz'ula[;k la[;k eq6s 1½ iz'ukoyh Hkj.;kiwohZ lwpuk lwpuk 1½ iwozkku 4 2½ ikb Vkp.k dj.;kiwohz ekxzn'kzu 6 2½ 3 eqís 3½ izf'k{k.kkf;kzaph O;fDrfHkUurk 16 3½ v/;kiu eq6s 4 4½ mf6"vs Li"Vhdj.ks 5 5½ 'ks{kf.kd lk/kus 4 6½ Qyd ys[ku 3 7½ f'k{kd d`rh 10 8½ ladyu 1 9½ fo kfkhz d`rh 2 10½ ewy;ekiu 5 ik;jh 2 f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;ke/;s ljko ikbkps fu;sktu o ekxzn'kzu djhr vlrkuk ojhy isyawoj d.kd.kr;k ÁfØ;k pkyrkr ;k eq kaps ckcrhr fopkj d:u Á'u fuæerh d yh- ik;jh 3 la'k f/kd us isywl vuql:u ; X; Á'ukph fuom d yh] d'kk Ádkjps Á'u ikfgtsr ;koj fopkj d yk] fuom d ysys Á'u fuf'pr d ys o Á'ukoyh r;kj d yh- ik;jh 4 fuf'pr d ysy;k Á'ukoyhps iqujkoy du d ys- ;ke/;s d.kr;k Á'ukyk i;kz; fnys ikfgtsr] d.kr;k Á'ukyk Ák/kkU;Øe fnyk ikfgts- ;k loz x "VÈpk fopkj d:u,dw.k 63 Á'u vlysyh Á'ukoyh fuf'pr d yh-

13 ik;jh 5 92 ;k Á'ukoyhps iqu% rtkkauh lfe{k.k d:u cny lwpfoys rtkkaph ukos ifjf'k"v Øekad 4 e/;s t Mysyh vkgsr- d ys- v- ua- ;k rtkkauh lqpfoy;káek.ks Á'ukoyhe/;s iq<hy Áek.ks cny lkj.kh Øekad Á'ukoyhe/;s dsysys cny iq<hy Áek.ks iz'u iz'ukpk vk'k; Øekad ikb Vkp.k dj.;kiwohzps ekxzn'kzu 1 3- ikb Vkp.k dj.;kiwohz,[kknk fo kfkhzf'k{kd?kvd?ksåu vkiy;kdms vkyk rj vki.k dk; djrk\ 2 7,[kknk fo kfkhz f'k{kd Vkp.k u dk<rk ekxzn'kzukl vkyk rj vki.k ekxzn'kzu djrk dk\ gks;@ukgh fo kfkhz f'k{kdkus viqjs Vkp.k dk<ys vlsy rj vki.k dk; djrk\ izf'k{k.kkf;kzaph O;fDrfHkUurk f}rh; v/;kiu i/nrhp;k fo kfkhz f'k{kdkauk ekxzn'kzu djrkuk dks.krk Qjd tk.korks bfrgkl v/;kiukp;k inoh/kj ¼ch-,-½ o ino;qrrj ¼,e-,-½ fo kfkhz f'k{kdkauk ekxzn'kzu djrkuk [kkyhy ckcrhr Qjd tk.korks dk\ ekxzn'kzu djr vlrkuk xzkeh.k@'kgjh egkfo ky;krhy fo kfkhz Eg.kwu osxgsi.kk tk.korks dk\ gks;@ukgh- 7 23,df=r ekfgrh djhr vlky rj [kkyhyisdh dks.kr;k xks"vhcíy ekfgrh ns.ks lksis tkrs\ lqpfoysyk cny 5 ok o 6 ok i;kz; ok<oyk i;kz;ke/;s cny iz'u jpusr cny o nksu i;kz;kr ok< 4 F;k i;kz;kp;k jpusr cny pksf;k i;kz;kr Hkj?kkryh- dk;zokgh 5½?kVdkfo"k;h iwozkku imrkg.;kl lkaxrkr- 6½?kVdkpk brj?kvdk'kh laca/k 'kks/k.;kl lkaxrkgks;@ukgh d/kh&d/kh?k½ v'kk lq/kkj.kk lqpor vlky rj vki.k dk; djrk\ p½ ikb;ka'kkuqlkj viqjs vkgs dk rs ikgrk- N½ i/nrhuqlkj viqjs vkgs dk rs ikgrk- v/;kiu i/nrh Bso.;kekxhy Hkwfedsph Li"Vrk,sfrgkfld vokarj okpu vf/kd vlrs-@ulrs@ Qkjlk Qjd ulrks- i;kz;kph ok< gks;@ukgh@d/khd/kh i;kz;kph ok< 'ks{kf.kd lkfgr;kpk okij dlk djkok gs lkax.ks lksis tkrs- ¼lkj.kh iq<hy ikukoj---½

14 93 ¼---lkj.kh ekxhy ikuko:u½ v- ua- iz'u Øekad iz'ukpk vk'k; ikb Vkp.k dj.;kiwohzps ekxzn'kzu ljko ikbkrhy Øec/n eq6s iwozkku ekxhy?kvdkpk vk/kkj?ksr vlky rj dks.kr;k ckcrhr R;kpk mi;ksx d:u?ksrk\ bfrgklkps ikbke/kwu bfrgklkph mf6"vs lk/; dj.;klkbh dks.krs miøe lqpfork\ ikb; eq kc6y ppkz djrkuk vk'k;krhy dks.kr;k xks"vhoj djrk izr;sd v/;kiu eq6k QG;koj fygwu Li"Vhdj.k djrk ¼ewG iz'u½ f'k{kd d`rh fo kfkhz f'k{kdkyk bfrgklkp;k dks.kr;k v/;kiu i/nrhizek.ks tklrhr tklr ikb?ks.;kl lkaxrk ¼eqG iz'u½ v'kk izdkjs ikb?ksrkuk dks.kr;k d`rhoj Hkj nsrk- lqpfoysyk cny 4 F;k i;kz;k e/;s cny lwpfoyk i;kz;ke/;s ok< dk;zokgh vk'k;kph O;kidrk letwu ns.kslkbh,sfrgkfld izlaxkps izhkkohi.ks dfkk dfku dj.ks- i;kz;kr ok< fo kfkhz f'k{kdkuh lqpfoysyh mnkgj.ks flodkjrkukiz'u jpuk cnyyh izr;sd v/;kiu eq6k QG;koj fygwu exp Li"Vhdj.k dj.;kl lkaxrk dk\ iz'u jpusr cny pksf;k i;kz;ke/;s jpusr cny fo kfkhz f'k{kdkyk bfrgklkp;k vk'k;kuq:i i/nrh oki:u tklrhr tklr ikb?ks.;kl lkaxrk dk\ ns'khkdr@ Lokra ; lsfudkap;k o brj Nk;kfp=kapk laxzg dj.ks- ;k O;frfjDr vk.k[kh cny lwpoys rs [kkyhy Áek.ks 1½ i;kz; deh djk- 2½ fnysy;k i;kz;k O;frfjDr tknk cny lwpok;ps vlrhy rj fjdke;k tkxsr fygkosr o R;klkBh Á'ukoyhe/;s fjdkeh tkxk l Mk-

15 ik;jh & 6 vafre Á'ukoyh fufezrh v-ua ua- lkj.kh Øekad vafre Á'ukoyhps Lo:i iz'ukpk vk'k; 1- fohkkx 1 fo kfkhz f'k{kdkauh ikb Vkp.k r;kj dj.;kiwohz ps ekxzn'kzu 2- fohkkx 2 izf'k{k.kkf;kzaph O;fDrfHkUurk 3- fohkkx 3 94 iz'ukps Lo:i iz'ula[;k eqdr c/n lafej && && && ljko ikbkrhy Øec/n eq6s 4- ekxzn'kzukrhy vu;?kvd ,dw.k iz'u ojhy Áek.ks Á'ukoyhpk vafre uequk r;kj >kyk ;kpk uequk ifjf'k"v Øekad 5 e/;s t Mysyk vkgs- 3-6 fujh{k.k fujh{k.k (Observation) ^fujh{k.k gs la'k /kukps uslæxd lk/ku vkgs- Kku ÁkIrhps Áeq[k lk/ku Eg.kts fujh{k.k- orzukps fo'ys"k.k o u anh dj.;kph O;ofLFkr i)rh Eg.kts fujh{k.k g ;- gk loz 'kkl=h; i)rhpk ik;k g ;- fujh{k.kk}kjs ÁR;{k d`rhph ekfgrh x Gk d yh tkrs- fujh{k.kkps Ádkj 1½ vkrefujh{k.k o cká fujh{k.k 2½ lg kxh o vfyir fujh{k.k 3½ fu;af=r o vfu;af=r fujh{k.k 4½ ukvókhdj.k Çdok qfedk dj.ks- eqgs] jk- 'ka- o mekbs] fo- rq- ¼ ½

16 fujh{k.k u an lwph 95 f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;ke/;s f'k{kdáf'k{kd fo kfkêf'k{kdkauk ekxzn'kzu djrkr- ;k ekxzn'kzukps Lo:i let.kslkbh la'k f/kd us Á'ukoyhpk okij d yk- ijarq ÁR;{k oklro ifjflfkrhe/;s f'k{kdáf'k{kd o fo kfkêf'k{kd ;kapse/khy ekxzn'kzukps osgh d'kkádkjph vkarjfø;k pkyrs ;kph oklro ekfgrh (First hand information) ladfyr dj.ks la'k f/kd yk xjtsps okvys- R;klkBh la'k f/kd us fujh{k.k u an lwph [kkyhy Áek.ks fodflr d yh- lkj.kh Øekad fujh{k.kkps eqìs v- ua- fujh{k.k eqìs v-ua ua- fujh{k.k eqìs 1-- ÁkFkfed ekfgrh 27- vk'k;kps laävu 2-- 'kkarrk dkg 28- Áfrekukaps okijkfo"k;h foospu 3- v/;kiukpk ekufld vkjk[kmk 4- v/;kiu i)rh 29- fo kf;k±ps iwozkku 5- fo kfkê f'k{kdkpk Áfrlkn 30- osgsps fu;sktu 6- ekxzn'kzd Ák/;kidkpk g dkjkred Áfrlkn 31- vk'k; fo'ys"k.k 7- Nk=k/;kidkP;k dyiukapk flodkj 32- eq kp;k <hdj.kklkbh DyqIrh 8- fo kf;k±p;k fopkjkauk fn'kk ns.ks- 33- fo kf;k±ph viqjh mrrjs iw.kz d:u Äs.ks- 9- ekxzn'kzd Ák/;kidkpk udkjkred Áfrlkn 34- v/;kiukrhy :{ki.kk deh dj.kspk Á;Ru 10- ÁLrkouk 35- fo kf;k±ph Kku ykylk ok<fo.kslkbh Á;Ru 11- gsrwdfku 36- fo kf;k±e/;s vkrefo'okl ok<fo.ks- 12- f'k{kd d`rh 37- v/;kiukph ra=s DyqIR;k ;kckcr fu;sktu 13- fo kfkê d`rh 38- vkarjfø;k 14- dfku Li"Vhdj.k 39- oxkzrhy csf'klr VkG.ks- 15- mfì"vs Li"Vhdj.ks 40- v/;;u j /kd okrkoj.k VkG.ks- 16- lajpusrhy LFkku 41- 'ks{kf.kd lkfgr;kpk okij 17- bfrgklkp;k isywpk fopkj 42- Qyd ys[ku 18- vh;kløe jpus'kh laca/k 43- ladyu@ lekj i 19- vk'k;kpk ewy;k'kh laca/k 44- ewy;ekiu 20- jk"vªh; mfì"vkapk v/;kiuk'kh laca/k 45- Lok/;k; 21- vk'k;kpk mpp Kkuk'kh laca/k 46- miøe ¼lkj.kh iq<hy ikukoj---½

17 v- uafujh{k.k eqìs v-ua- fujh{k.k eqìs 22- ledsaæ ÄVdk'kh leok; lk/k.ks 47- ekxhy ikbke/;s fnysy;k lwpukapk okij 23- vk'k;kpk pkyw ÄMke Mh'kh laca/k- 48- vk'k;kp R;kp b;rrsrhy nqlú;k fo"k;krhy ÄVdk'kh laca/k 24- bfrgklkrhy R;kp b;rrsrhy 49- brj ckchnqlú;k ikbók ÄVdk'kh laca/k 25- vk'k;kpk xk k wr ÄVdk'kh laca/k 26- vk'k;kpk lkeku;kkuk'kh laca/k 96 ojhy eq kapk fopkj d:u 49 eqìs vl.kkjh bfrgkl ikb fujh{k.k u an lwph 6 rkkadmwu lfe{k.k d:u Äsryh R;kaph ukaos ifjf k V Øekad 6 e/;s tksmyh vkgsr o R;kph la'k f/kd us iqujzpuk d:u 47 eqìs vl.kkjh fujh{k.k u an lwph r;kj d yh- R;kpk vafre uequk ifjf k V Øekad 7 e/;s tksmyk vkgs- ;k fujh{k.k u an lwphp;k fujh{k.kklkbh 10 f'k{kd Áf'k{kdkaph fuom d yh R;kaph ukos ifjf'k"v Øekad 8 e/;s t Mysyh vkgsr- ;k lwphe/;s rhu fud"kkoj fujh{k.k d ys rs fud"k [kkyhy Áek.ks- 1½ l[k y ppkz T;ke/;s f'k{kd Áf'k{kd fo kfkhz f k{kdkl ikbklanhkkzr lfolrj ekxzn'kzu djrkr- 2½ e/;e ppkz ;ke/;s f'k{kd Áf'k{kd dkgh eq kafo k;h Fk MD;kr ekfgrh nsrkr- 3½ vr;yi ppkz ;ke/;s f'k{kd izf k{kd,[kkns okd; c yrkr Çdok QDr v/;kiukp;k Vkp.kkps fujh{k.k djrkr- ¼---lkj.kh ekxhy ikuko:u½ 3-7 ekufld fp= ljko v/;kiu gk f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;kpk ik;k vkgs- ;ke/;s ekxzn'kzu] fu;sktu] v/;kiu] ÁR;k j.k ;k lokzap;k Á kokeqgs v/;kiu Á koh g rs-

18 97 ^^v/;kiu d 'ky;kr ekufld fopkj ÁfØ;k v/;kiu fu.kz; {kerk] d 'ky;s] v/;kiuklaca/kh Çdok v/;kiu djrkuk ;s.kkjs fopkj br;kfnpk lekos'k g r -** Mafdu ¼1997½,[kknk ÄVd oxkze/;s f kdok;pk vlsy rj f k{kdkp;k eukr osxosxg~;k ekufld fø;k ÄMrkr- v/;kiu d`rhapk Øe o fu.kz; ;kapk,d lqli"v vkjk[kmk r;kj g r - eukrhy vkjk[kmókkps ÁfrÇcc dk;zokghp;k osgh g r vlrs- Eg.kwup ÁR;{k v/;kiu dj.;kiwoê d.kr;kgh v/;kiukps ekufld fp= g.ks xjtps vkgsljko v/;kiuklkbh ÄVd fegky;kiklwu rs oxkzrhy v/;kiu iw.kz g bzi;±r v/;kiukp;k T;k T;k d`rh djko;kp;k vkgsr- R;k R;k d`rhap;k ckcrhr ÁR;{k v/;kiukiwoê eukr ;s.kkjs fopkj o R;kpk lfolrj vkjk[kmk Eg.kts ekufld fp= g ;- ^fo kfkhz f k{kdkaph ÁR;{k ekufld fp=kph h d`rh* ikbkps osgki=d ikb ykxy;kuarj R;k osgki=dkrhy rkfldk ikg.;kl lkafxrys- fegkysy;k v/;kiukp;k ÄVdkoj rkcmr c eukr ts fopkj ;srkr rs fopkj vkrefuosnu i)rhus dkxnkoj mrjowu vk.k.;kl lkafxrys- lwpusáek.ks fo kfkêf'k{kdkauh r'kk Ádkjph ekufld fp=s r;kj d yh ;kpk,d uequk [kkyhy Áek.ks- Nk=k/;kid & egkuoj jktsaæ ikamqjax],e-,- bfrgkl fo"k; & bfrgkl ekxzn'kzd & l - tk/ko,l-,- fnukad 27@11@06 ÁLrkouk %& eh] egkuoj jktsaæ ikamqjax] N- f'kokth f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;] :dmh ;k fbdk.kh ch-,m~- pk vh;kløe iw.kz djhr vkgs- ;k ch-,m~- P;k Áf'k{k.kke/;s Nk=k/;kidkl ljko ikb?;kos

19 98 ykxrkr- vkep;k d ystpk ljkoikbkpk nqljk VIik lq: vkgs- ;k ljko ikbkps osgki=d fnukad 25@11@2006 j th 'kfuokj ;k fno'kh eyk fegkys- eyk b;rrk 9 oh ;k oxkzoj bfrgkl fo"k;kpk ikb fnukad 30@11@2006 j th fegkyk vkgs- fegkysy;k ikb ÄVdkps ukao ^e/;;qxhu ;qj i* g rs- ;k ÄVdkps ekxzn'kzu Äs.;klkBh eh vkep;k ekxznæ'kdk l - tk/ko ewme ;kap;kdms xsy - R;kauh eyk vls lkafxrys dh] rqegh ÁFke rqegh ljkoikb 'kkgsr ÁR;{k?;k;yk oxkzr tkrkr rsaogk rsfks oxkzr Áos'k d Y;kiklwu rqepk rkl laisi;±r d.kd.krh d`rh djky gs eyk fygwu vk.kwu nk[kok- R;kpkp kx Eg.kwu eh oxkzr xsy;kiklwu iq<hy d`rh dj.kkj vkgs- oxkzr Áos'k %& oxkzr Áos'k dj.;kvx nj ikbkph iw.kz r;kjh djsu fegkysy;k ÄVdkl miyc/k osgsps fu;sktu d:u oxkzr Áos'k djhuoxkzr Áos'k d Y;kauarj loz eqys@eqyh mby;k vkgsr- dh ukghr gs ikghu tj,[kknk fo kfkê mbyk ulsy rj R;kyk dk mbyk ukgh gs fopkjhu R;kyk f'k{kdkpk vknj dj.;kl lkaxhu] eqykauk Good Morning Eg.kwu [kkyh cl.;kl lkaxhu] R;kuarj oxkzp;k nkjs f[kmd;k iw.kzi. mäm.;kl lkaxwu oxzo;olfkk ikghu] R;kuarj eh ÁFke eqykauk u c yrk bfrgkl fo"k;kp;k og;k dk<.;kl lkaxhu eqys oák dk<r vkgs r i;±r oxkzrhy Qyd LoPN d:u R;k QydkP;k MkO;k cktwl fnukad] b;rrk] fo"k; fyghu- R;kuarj eqykauk tk.khoiwozd iq<s y{k ns.;kl lkaxhu uarj iwozkkukoj vk/kkfjr iz'u fopkj.kkj ÄVdkyk vuql:u ÁLrkouslkBh [kkyhy Á'u fopkjhu ;kosgsr Vkp.k QkbZy ekxzn'kzdkdms nsbzu- Á'u 1½ bfrgklkps dky[kamkuqlkj rhu Ádkj lkaxk\

20 99 mrrj &1½ izkphu dky[kam 2½ e/;;qxhu dky[kam 3½ vk/kqfud dky[kam iz'u 2½ bfrgklkps rqegkl ekfgr vlysys izdkj lkaxk\ mrrj &LFkkfud bfrgkl] izknsf'kd bfrgkl] tkxfrd bfrgkl iz'u 3½ txkr,dw.k fdrh [kam vkgsr\ mrrj &lkr&r;kph ukaos 1½ vkf'k;k 2½ vkfqzdk 3½ vkwlvsªfy;k 4½nf{k.k vesfjdk 5½ mrrj vesfjdk 6½ vkuvkfvzdk 7½ ;qjksieqykauk ojhy mrrjs vkyh ukgh rj mrrjktog us.;kpk iz;ru d:u mrrjs fegohu R;kuarj ;ksx; mrrjs fnysy;k eqykauk 'kkckldh nsbzu o gsrwdfku ;k eq koj ogsu- gsrqdfku & gsrwdfku djrkuk iz'u Øekad 3 e/;s rqegh ts 'ksovp;k [akmkps uko lkafxrys ;qjksi[kam rj ;k [kamkph dky[kamkp;k iz'ukpk lanhkz nsowu e/;;qxhu ;qjksiph lkekftd O;oLFkk] Hkwnkl i/nrh o iwoszdmhy jkseu lkezkt; ;k mi?kvdkaph ekfgrh ikg.kkj vkgksr gs lkaxwu ;k?kvdkaps bfrgklkp;k lajpsusrhy FkksMD;kr LFkku lkaxsu- eqys y{kiwozd,sdrkr dh ukgh gs ikghu-?kvdkps ukao Qydkoj fygwu Qydkps nksu Hkkx d:u,dk cktwyk eq6s o nqlú;k cktwyk mieq6s vls fyfgu-?kvdkps ukao eqykauk fygwu?ks.;kl lkaxsu- loz eqys fygwu?ksrkr dh ukgh gs ikghu- lokzauk fygwu?ks.;kl Hkkx ikmsubfrgkl fo"k;kps FkksMD;kr egro lkaxsu o?kvdkap;k vk'k;kuqlkj Li"Vhdj.k ns.;kl eq6slqn lq:okr djsu- loz oxkzoj y{k nsbzu- Li"Vhdj.k & Li"Vhdj.kkpk eq[; eq6k Qydkoj fyghu- mnk-& e/;;qxhu lekt O;oLFkk R;kP;k [kkyh v/ksjsf[kr djsu o Li"Vhdj.k djsu-

21 100 ;kosgh e/;;qxhu ;qjksips txkp;k udk'kkrhy LFkku- lekt gk vusd O;Drhauh fegwu cuysyk vlrks- lektke/;s osxosxg;k tkrhps] /kekzps] oa'kkps rlsp osxosxg;k cksf/nd dqorhps yksd vlrkr ;k?kvdkap;k vk/kkjsp lektkr osxosxgs oxz vflrrokr ;srkr gs lkaxwu e/;;qxhu ;qjksirgh lekto;olfksr osxosxgs oxz vly;kps lkaxsudzekuqlkj eqíslqn ;k oxkzph ekam.kh d:u Li"Vhdj.k djsu- Qydkoj vkd`rh}kjs jpuk dk<sulektkrhy izeq[k nksu oxz 1½ ojh"b oxz 2½ dfu"b oxz vkd`rh}kjs fohkkx.kh iq<hyizek.ks- jktk /kezxq: ofj"b oxz mejko dfu"b /kezxq: O;kikjh dkjkxhj 'ksrdjh dfu"b oxz Hkwnkl xqyke ojhy vkd`rh fo kf;kzauk oghr dk<wu?ks.;kl lkaxsuvkd`rhp;k vk/kkjs izr;sd?kvdkps lektkrhy LFkku lkaxwu R;kaph FkksMD;kr dk;z lkaxsu- ;kph rqyuk e/;;qxhu Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFks'kh djhu- eqykauk Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFkk d'kh gksrh gs fopkjhu- ojhy?kvdkaoj iz'u fopkjhu- 1½ Hkwnkl Eg.kts dk;\ 2½ ofj"b oxkzr dks.kdks.kkpk lekos'k gksr gksrk\

22 101 mrrj ns.;klkbh izcyu nsbzu- vkgs dh ukgh gs ikghu- mrrjs u ns.kkú;k eqykadmwu mrrjs?ks.;kpk iz;ru djhu f'kdoysyk Hkkx letyk dh ukgh gs fopkjhu] letyk uly;kl iqugk FkksMD;kr u letysy;k Hkkxkph ekfgrh lkaxsu- R;kuarj iwoszdmhy jkseu lkezkt; ;k mi?kvdkph ekfgrh lkaxsu] eq[; ekfgrhqydkoj fygwu rh eqykauk fygwu?ks.;kl lkaxsu- jkseulkezkt; mn; & lkezkt;kp;k nksu jkt/kku;k 1½ lq:okrhph jkt/kkuh 2½ uarjph jkt/kkuh jkseu lald`rh & izkphu xzhl o iksokzr; lald`rhps fej.k vlysyh lald`rh- 10 O;k 'krdkiklwu jkseu lkezkt;kp;k Úgklkl lq:okr 1453 dkwulvwfvuuksiy vkvkseu rqdzuh ftadys- jkseu lkezkt; 'ksov & dkwulvwfvuuksiy 'kgjkp;k ikmkokps txkoj >kysys ifj.kke lkaxsu- 1½ e/;;qxkpk vlr 2½ HkwekxsZ iksokzar;ka'kh gks.kkjk O;kikj can 3½ lkxjh ekxkzpk 'kks/k 4½ O;kikjkl pkyuk o O;kikjh Li/kkZ 5½ vkf'k;k[kamkoj >kysyk ifj.kke 6½ Hkkjrkojhy ifj.kkegs lkafxry;kuarj iz'u fopkjhu iz'u %& 1½ dkwulvwfuvuksiy gs 'kgj dks.kh o d/kh ftadys\ 2½ txkp;k bfrgklkoj R;kps dks.krs ifj.kke >kys\

23 102 ;ksx; mrrjs flodkjhu] pqdysy;k mrrjkps Li"Vhdj.k nsbzy- Li"Vhdj.k laiy;kuarj ladyu djsu- ladyu %& ladyu dj.;kvxksnj iqugk,dnk lokzauk letys dh ukgh gs fopkjhu o ladyu djrkuk u letysy;k Hkkxkoj tksj nsbzu- ladyu [kkyhyizek.ks djhurj eqykauks vkt vkiyk izlrkousiklwu bfrgklkps dky[kam dks.krs] izdkj dks.krs] txkrhy [kam fdrh o dks.krs rlsp e/;;qxhu ;qjksi [akmkrhy 1½lektO;oLFkk] lektkrhy izeq[koxz] R;kph dk;sz] ijlij laca/k] lekto;olfksph jpukd`rh] Hkwnkl i/nrh] Hkwnkl Eg.kts dk;\ iwoszdmhy jkseu lkezkt; jkseu lald`rh] Úgkl] R;kps txkoj >kysys ifj.kke ;k ckchaph ekfgrh?ksrysyh vkgs- vls Eg.ksu R;kuarj Qydkojhy ladyukps eqís iqlwu ewy;ekiukl lq:okr djsu- ewy;ekiu & ewy;ekiu djrkuk dkgh olrqfu"b o dkgh ospkfjd iz'u fopkjhu- olrqfu"b iz'u & 1½ dks.kr;k@fdro;k 'krdkr jkseu lkezkt; oshkokp;k f'k[kjkoj iksgpys gksrs\ 2½ dkwulvwfuvuksiy gs 'kgj dks.kh ftadys\ fopkjizorzd iz'u & 1½ jkseu lkezkt;kps txkp;k bfrgklkoj vizr;{ki.ks dks.krs ifj.kke >kys\ 2½ Hkwnkl i/nrhfo"k;h ekfgrh lkaxk\ mrrj?ksrkuk eqykap;k cksf/nd ikrghpk fopkj d:u Lok/;k; nsbzu-

24 103 Lok/;k; & e/;;qxhu lektthoukps o.kzu 10&15 vksghr fygwu vk.kk- rklkpk lekjksi& lekjksi djrkuk f'kdfoysy;k Hkkxkrhy dks.krk?kvd iz'u lkeku;kkuklkbh o Li/kkZ ifj{kslkbh egrokpk vkgs gs lkaxsu- rlsp bfrgkl fo"k; vo?km ukgh rj rks orzekudkg o HkwrdkG ;kp;k vk/kkjs vki.kkl Hkfo";dkGkrhy ;ksx; ekxzn'kzd vkgs gs lkaxrks- 'ksovh loz fo kf;kzauh mrrjs ns.;kpk pkaxyk iz;ru dsyk- oxkzr 'kkarrk jk[kyh R;kc6y lokzauk /ku;okn Eg.kwu oxkzrwu csy >ky;kuarj loz 'ks{kf.kd lkfgr;?ksowu ckgsj ;sbzu o ikb dlk >kyk ;kph ekfgrh ekxzn'kzd izk/;kidkadmwu?ksbzu o R;kr dkgh pqdk >kysy;k vkgs R;k uarjp;k ikbkr lq/kkj.kk djsu vls ekxzn'kzd izk/;kidkyk vk'oklu nsbzu-?kvd fegky;kuarj fo kfkhz f k{kd ikb fu;sktu djrks gs ikb fu;kstu djr vlrkuk ikbkp;k i/nrhuqlkj rks ikb Vkp.k r;kj djrks- gs ikb Vkp.k djhr vlrkuk o dsy;kuarj R;kaps euke/;s vla[; fopkj ;srkr o ;k fopkjkaph myv&lqyv ekfydkap r;kj gksrs o euke/;s,dw.k oxkze/;s xsy;kuarj eh ikb dlk?ks.kkj vkgs ;kps fp= r;kj gksrs- gsp euke/;s r;kj gks.kkjs ekufld fp= gs dkxnkoj fyfgy;keqgs ikbkph ifj.kkedkjdrk ok<rs o ikbkcíy vkrefo okl ok<rksv kkp izdkjs bfrgkl izfke o f}rh; v/;kiui/nrhp;k ekufld fp=kps uequs ifjf k V Øekad 9 e/;s tksmys vkgsr-

25 ss 3-8 bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk 104 ;k loz ekufld fp=kapk vh;kl dsy;kuarj izfke v/;kiu i/nrh o f}rh; v/;kiu i/nrhp;k fo kfkhz f'k{kdkap;k ekufld fp=ke/;s dkgh eq kalanhkkzr Qjd vlrks gs la'kksf/kdsyk vk<gwu vkys- ;kpk fopkj djrk izfke o f}rh; v/;kiu i/nrhp;k fo kfkhzf'k{kdkauk osxosxg;k izdkjps ekxzn'kzu vko';d vkgs- gs la'kksf/kdsp;k y{kkr vkys vkf.k Eg.kwup bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk fodflr dj.;kps Bjfoys- R;klkBh iz'ukoyh] fujh{k.k uksan lwph] v/;kiukps ekufld fp= vkf.k bfrgkl fo"k;kph osf'k"v;s ;kpk iq<hy izdkjs okij dsyk- iz'ukoyh 10 f'k{kd izf'k{kdkauh Hk:u fnysy;k iz'ukoyh e/khy lke; Hksnkps eq6s lkj.kh dzekad bfrgkl ikb ekxzn kzu iqflrdslkbh eqís fujh{k.k uksan lwph ljko v/;kiukps ekxzn'kzu djhr vlrkuk f'k{kd izf'k{kd dks.kr;k eq koj l[kksy ppkz djrks] e/;e ppkz djrks] vr;yi ppkz djrks] ;ke/khy eq6s v/;kiukps ekufld fp= 1½ izfke v/;kiu i/nrhp;k ekufld fp=ke/khy eq6s 2½ f}rh; v/;kiu i/nrhp;k ekufld fp=ke/khy eq6s 3½ ojhy nksu i/nrhrhy lke; Hksnkps eq6s bfrgkl fo"k;krhy osf'k"v;iw.kz ckch 1½ ljko ikbkp;k xq.kkapk dze 2½ bfrgkl fo"k;d xsjlet 3½ f'k{k.kke/khy bfrgkl fo"k;kps egro 4½ bfrgklkps Lo:i 5½ bfrgklkps osxgsi.k- ojhy eq koj vk/kkfjr bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk r;kj dsyh- r;kj >kysy;k iqflrdsps la'kksf/kdsus voyksdu d:u bfrgkl ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk r;kj dsyh- ;kpk uequk ifjf'k"v Øekad 10 e/;s tksmysyk vkgs- bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzd iqflrdsps Lo:i 1½ izlrkouk 2½ fo kfkhzf'k{kdkaps ikb fu;kstuk lanhkkzr visf{kr orzu-

26 105 3½ fo kfkhzf'k{kdke/khy v/;kiu orzu cny uequk 1 uequk 2 4½ bfrgkl fo"k;kcíy dkgh xsjlet- 5½ bfrgklkps egro- 6½ bfrgklkps Lo:i- 7½ bfrgklkph osf'k"v;s- 8½ bfrgkl izfke o f}fr; v/;kiu i/nrhp;k fo kfkhzf'k{kdkph osf'k"v;s- 9½ vli"v ekufld fp=- 10½ v/;kiukps Li"V ekufld fp=- 11½ ifj.kkedkjd v/;kiu eq6s- 12½ fu;kstukps eq6s- 13½ ekxzn'kzukps eq6s 1½ izkfkfed ekfgrh 2½ ljko ikbkrhy eq kuqlkj ekxzn'kzu 3½ bfrgkl fo"k;kuqlkj ekxzn'kzu] 4½ vk'k;;qdr v/;kiu i/nrh] 5½O;fDrfHkUurk] 6½'kS{kf.kd lkfgr;] 7½ vu; ckch- 14½ ekxzn'kzukph l flfkrh- 15½ ekxzn'kzuke/;s deh izek.kkr ekxzn'kzu gks.kkjs eq6s- 16½ fo kfkhz f k{kdkpk fopkj o R;kpcjkscj ekxzn'kzdkph lacaf/kr d`rh- 17½ ch-,m- P;k vh;kldzekrhy lq:okrhp;k] e/;kolfksrhy o ksovp;k ikbklkbh ikb ekxzn'kzu djhr vlrkuk ekxzn'kzu dj.;klkbh dsysys VIis

27 106 1½ 1 rs 3 ljko ikbklkbh ekxzn'kzu eq6s- 2½ 4 rs 8 ljko ikbkalkbh ekxzn'kzu eq6s- 3½ 9 rs ksovp;k ikbkalkbh ekxzn'kzu eq6s- 18½ ekxzn'kzu dj.;kps eq6s 1½ vk'k;;qdr v/;kiu i/nrhuqlkj ekxzn'kzu- 2½ ikb fu;kstukp;k rkaf=d ckch- 3½ v/;kiu i/nrh ra= o dk;zfurh 19½ ikb fu;kstukph Lo;aewY;ekiu Js.kh- 20½ Li"Vhdj.k lwphojhy eq kap;k vk/kkjs ^^bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk** r;kj dsyh] o bfrgkl v/;kiu dj.kkú;k v/;kidkauk lfe{k.kklkbh fnyh- R;kauh [kkyhy lwpuk o vfhkizk; fnyk vkgsbfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdse/;s lq/kkj.kk dj.;klkbh lwpuk- 1½ ekxzn'kzukph l flfkrh lkaxwu ekxzn'kzukps eq6s kosr ;keqgs ekufld flfkrh cny.;klkbh dks.krs eq6s kosr gs f'k{kd izf'k{kdkp;k y{kkr vkys vlrs- ojhy lwpusckcr la'kksf/kdsps Li"Vhdj.k- ekxzn'kzukph l flfkrh lkaxwu l/;k dks.kr;k eq koj ekxzn'kzu gksrs] R;kp cjkscj fo kfkhzf'k{kdkapk v/;kiukp;k fu;kstukiwohzpk fopkj lkaxrks- ekxzn'kzd R;klaca/kh dks.krh d`rh djko;kl lkaxrkr gs lkafxry;kuarj v/;kiukps eq6s fnys vkgsr- v'kk izdkjph ekam.kh la'ksf/kdsyk ;ksx; okvyh- ;kuarj la kksf/kdsus gh iqflrdk bfrgkl v/;kidkauk vh;klko;kl fnyh R;kauh [kkyhy izek.ks iqflrdsojhy vfhkizk; fnyk- R;kpk,d uequk ifjf k V Øekad 11 e/;s tksmysyk vkgs-

28 f'k{kdklkbh ers 1½f'k{kdkalkBh mi;qdr 2½ fo kfkhzf'k{kdkaph osf'k"v;s- 3½ izfke o f}rh; v/;kiu i/nrhrhy Qjd- 4½ fo kfkhz f'k{kdkp;k visf{kr orzukpk fopkj- 5½ ikb fu;kstukiwohzpk fo kfkh f'k{kdkpk fopkj o izk/;kidkaph d`rh- 6½ ljko ikbkp;k VII;kuqlkj ekxzn'kzu- 7½ fo kfkhz f'k{kdkauk Lo;aewY; ekiu Js.kh lkj.kh dzekad bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdsojhy vfhkizk; eq kaps ckcrhr ers 1½ xq.korrk ok<hlkbh nk[kys- 2½ orzu cnykph vis{kk- 3½mnkgj.kka}kjs letkfo.ks- 4½ ifj.kkedkjd v/;kiukps eq6s- 5½ lajpusrhy LFkku o dkg ;k uqlkj fopkj.ksl enr- 6½ leku?kvdkapk lanhkz- 7½ iqflrdse/;s Hkjiwj eq kapk lekos'k- 8½ oklro o lr; Lo:ikph ekam.kh- mf6"vkc6y ers 1½ folr`r Lo:ikr /;s; gsrw- 2½ ^^ekufld fp=kpk mi;ksx** ifj.kke dkjd v/;kiu 3½ mf6"vkapk fopkj- bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdsph O;ogk;Zrk rikl.ks- 107 vu; ers 1½ ikb ekxzn'kzuk ckcr rksyk eksykph 2½ Li/kkZ ijh{kslkbh egrokpk fo"k; 3½ ^^ek.kql?kmfo.ks** gs ;k iqflrdsrwu lkafxrys vkgs- 4½ iqflrdse/;s d`f=erk u vk.krk] xq.kkred ok< o uslfxzdrk ;s.;klkbh lfolrj o folr`r foospu fnys vkgs- 5½ fv- Ogh- ojhy leizd mnkgj.ks- 6½ fo kf;kzauk fo"k; let.;k ckcr dgdg 7½ loz lkeku;kaps fopkj ;k c6y useds er- 8½ fo kf;kzauk fo"k;kph xksmh ok<koh Eg.kwu iz;ru- 9½ fo kf;kzauk lqyhkfjr;k let.ks] fo"k;kph vfhk:ph fuekz.k gks.;kl mrd`"v ekxzn'kzu- 10½ bfrgkl fo"k; lfdrpk djkok o R;kps egro ivowu kos- ;k iqflrdsph O;ogk;Zrk rikl.;klkbh la'kksf/kdsus 100 xq.kkaph pkp.kh r;kj dsyh- R;ke/;s 52 xq.kkoj vk/kfjr olrqfu"b iz'u o 48 xq.kkoj vk/kkfjr y?kqrrjh iz'ukapk lekos'k vkgs- izlrqr la'kks/kuke/;s la'kksf/kdsus f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;] :dmh ;sfkhy 5 fo kfkhz f'k{kdkaph fuom dsyh- gh fuom izklafxd (accediutal) fjrhus dsyh- ;kekxhy la'kksf/kdspk gsrw Eg.kts iqflrdsoj

29 108 pkp.kh?ks.ks o ;k lanhkkzr ;k fo kfkhz f'k{kdkauh iqflrdsc6y dks.kr;k d`rh djko;kp;k vkgsr ;koj ekxzn'kzu dj.ks lksis tkbzy- ¼pkp.kh uequk ifjf'k"v dzekad 12 e/;s tksmyk vkgs½ ^^pkp.kh e/kwu iqflrdscíyph O;ogk;Zrk o liek.krk ikg.ks-** ojhy 5 fo kfkhz f'k{kdkauk gh iqflrdk okpko;kl fnyh- R;kosGh R;kauk [kkyhy lwpuk dsy;k- 1½ iqflrdk iw.kzi.ks okpkoh- 2½ ;k iqflrdsoj 100 xq.kkaph pkp.kh?ksryh tkbzy- 3½ ;k iz'uif=dse/;s olrqfu"b o y?kqrrjh iz'u vlrhy- 4½ iz'u lksmfo.;klkbh ijh{ksp;k okrkoj.kke/;s,d rkl osg nsowu gh ijh{kk?ksryh tkbzy- lkj.kh dzekad bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdsojhy pkp.khe/khy xq.krdrk v-ua- fo kfkhf'k{kdkps ukao iz'u izdkj fegkysys xq.k olrqfu"b 52 y?kqrrjh pogk.k fla/kq vkiiklkgsc Hkkslys dkfrzdh lqjs'k VsGs nknk vkiiklkgsc 'kkelqanj Jhd`".k eksrhjke dkacgs vej nrrq fujh{k.k 1½ ikp isdh rhu fo kfkhz f k{kdkauk pkp.khe/;s fegkysys xq.k mrre vkgsr o nksu fo kf;kzauk fuee;kis{kk vf/kd xq.k vkgsr- ;ko:u iqflrdsps vkdyu fo kfkhz f k{kdkauk pkaxys gksrs vls Eg.k.;kl gjdr ukgh- 2½ iqflrdse/khy u dgysy;k lakk] ladyiuk eqís ;kph dks.kr;kgh fo kfkhz f k{kdkus uksan dsysyh ukgh-

30 ^v/;kid izfø;k ifj.kkedkjdrsph ewy;ekiu Js.kh*pk okij bfrgkl ljko v/;kiu ekxzn'kzukp;k iqflrdsph ifj.kkedkjdrk rikl.kslkbh ^v/;kid izfø;k ifj.kkedkjdrsph ewy;ekiu Js.kh*pk okij d:u fo kfkhz f k{kdkap;k dkgh ikbkaps fujh{k.k dsys-- v/;kid izfø;k ifj.kkedkjdrsph Js.kh- lizek.krk Process Appresing of Teacher Effectiveness (PASTE) ikbkps fujh{k.k dj.;klkbh oklro ifjflfkrhr mi;ksxkr vk.kysyh ifjhkk"kk v/;kiukph ifj.kkedkjdrk rikl.;klkbh Hkkyo.kdj vfuy xks- o tks'kh v-ua- ;kauh fodflr dsysyh gksrh- gs,d izekf.kr lk/ku vkgs lkj.kh dzekad Js.khph jpuk orzu mi?kvd f'k{kdkps orzu vr;ar mfpr mfpr izdkjs vhkkfor i.ks vuqfpr izdkjs vko';d i.k fo kfkhz ps iw.kz vhkk prqfkz dk prqfkzdk is{kk in fu'p;u mi;kstukred 'ksjs izdkjs vuqiflfkr orzu o i;zur vf/kd ojhy Js.khe/;s vfr'k; lw{ei.ks ;k 13 eq kapk lekos'k dj.;kr vkysyk vkgs- f'kokth fo kihbkrhy f'k{k.k'kkl= fohkkxkrwu miyc/k dsys gksrs- ;k Js.khph osf'k"v;s [kkyhy izek.ks- 1½ mpp o deh pyke/;s vf}fr;,df=dj.k lk/; gksrs- 2½ ;ke/;s f'k{kd o fo kf;kzapk fopkj dsyk tkrks- Eg.ktsp ¼rkRdkfyd fufezrh py½ v'kk izdkjs f'k{kdkp;k ifj.kkedkjdrk rikl.;kps gs lk/ku curs- 3½ xq.korrk Js.kh o ekstekiu ;kps,df=dj.kkps mfí"v gs lk/ku tklr curs-

31 110 4½?kVd (category) i/nrhis{kk xq.korrk ekiu (Rating scale) tklr mi;qdr vkgs- 5½ v/;kiukp;k xq.kkred vkf.k la[;kred?kvdkoj izdk'k Vkdrsf'k{kd vkf.k v/;kiu ;kaps la'kks/kukr Js.khpk mi;ksx f'k{kd vkf.k v/;kiu ;kaps la'kks/kukr v/;kid izfø;k ewy;ekiu Js.khpk mi;ksx osxosxg;k izdkjs dsyk tkå 'kdrks- rks [kkyhyizek.ks %& 1½ f'k{kdkph {kerk vkf.k ifj.kkedkjdrk ;kps eksteki o ewy;kadu dj.;kps,d olrqfu"b lk/ku- 2½ f'k{kd izf'k{k.kkr izr;khkj.k feg.;kps,d lk/ku- 3½ f'k{kd vkf.k fo kfkhz f'k{kd ;kapsrhy vocks/k o r;kjhpk fodkl dj.;klkbh- 4½ v/;kiukrhy ifj.kkedkjdrk rikl.;klkbh o funku dj.;klkbhlnjp;k Js.khpk mi;ksx tklrhr tklr vanktkred vh;kl dj.;klkbh o R;kpk f'k{kdkoj gks.kkjk ifj.kke rikl.;klkbh dsyk xsyk vkf.k R;kpizek.ks egkjk"vªkr f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;ke/;s R;kpk okij dkgh izek.kkr dsyk xsyk- rs,d vfr'k; mi;qdr lk/ku vk<gys o R;kps fudkyi= Qkj izksrlkfgr dj.kkjs gksrs- ;k v/;kiu izfø;k ifj.kkedkjdrsp;k Js.kh e/;s 15?kVdkapk lekos'k gksrk- R;krhy izr;sd?kvdkyk,d vkf.k,dkis{kk tklr mi?kvd vkgsr- izr;sd mi?kvdkuqlkj f'k{kdkps orzu 5 eq kap;k izek.kkoj xq.kkred i/nrhus riklys xsys- fo kfkhz orzukpk f'k{kdkp;k v/;kiu dk;zuhrhoj dk; ifj.kke gksrks ;kph uksan dsyh tkrs-,dw.k fo+ kfkhz orzukph la[;k 79 vkgs- izr;sd fo kf;kzps orzu 3 oj

32 111 ekstyh xsyh- izr;sd mi?kvdkps 'ksovps ewy;kadu f'k{kd orzu o R;koj fo kf;kzaps orzu ;koj riklyh xsyh rs 6 oj ekstys xsys- R;kps mi?kvd 18 vkgsrv'kk izdkjs lnjps ewy;kadu 90 isdh gksrs- 10 xq.k lkeku; orz.kqdhlkbh fnys gksrs- Eg.kwu,dw.k 100 xq.k gksrkr- fo'olfu;rk (Reliability) xq.kkad v/;kid izfø;k ifj.kkedkjdrsph ewy;ekiu Js.kh gs vfr'k; fo'olfu; lk/ku vkgsflfkjrspk eq6k 0-62 gk gksrklnj?kvdkph fo'oklkgzrk tklr vkgslekurspk eq6k (Point) 0-69 gk vkgsfo'oklkgzrsps eksteki eq6k (Point) 0-68 vkgsfu.kz; izfø;sph vpqdrk vuqøes 0-91 vkgs- ;k v/;kiu izfø;k ifj.kkedkjdrsp;k Js.khpk uequk ifjf k V Øekad 13 e/;s tksmyk vkgs la kks/ku dk;zokghps VIis VIik & 1 izlrqr la'kks/kuke/;s dksygkiwj ftyg;ke/khy rhu f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;kph izklafxd fuom dsyh- ;k rhugh f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;krhy rhu bfrgkl f'k{kd izf'k{kdkauk vuqdzes 5] 5 o 10 fo kfkhzf'k{kdkaph fuom dj.;kl lkafxrys- R;kauk gh iqflrdk okij.;kiwohz fouarh dsyh o [kkyhy lwpuk fny;k- 1½ bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk Lor% okp.ks- 2½ fo kfkhz f'k{kdkauk okpko;kl ns.ks-

33 112 3½ iqflrdspk fopkj d:u ikb fu;kstu dj.ksl lkax.ks- 4½ ljkoikb fu;kstukuarj v/;kiukps ekufld fp= r;kj djko;kl lkax.ks- 5½ ;k fo kfkhz f'k{kdkap;k ikbkaps fujh{k.k islv (PEAST) ;k izekf.kr fujh{k.k lk/kuk}kjs djko;kl lkafxrys- ;ke/kwu fegkysy;k efgrhps vuo;kfkz o fu d kz izdj.k 4 e/;s fnysyk vkgs- VIik & 2 ;k VII;klkBh la kksf/kdsus Lor% 10 fo kfkhzf'k{kdkp;k ljkoikbkaps fujh{k.k dsys- R;kuarj R;kauk gh iqflrdk okpko;kl nsowu ljkoikbkps fu;sktu djko;kl lkafxrys o R;k ljkoikbkps la'kksf/kdsus fujh{k.k dsys- ;klkbh PEAST ;k lk/kukpk okij dsyk ;ke/kwu izr;{k lqv;k ljko ikbkps xq.k o iqflrdk oki:u izr;{k oxkz/;kiukoj fdrh ifj.kke gksrks- ;k nksughapk rqyukred n`f"vdksukrwu fopkj dj.ks ;ksx; Bjsy gk fopkj dsykbfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk okij.;kiwohzp;k ljkoikbkps xq.k o iqflrdk okijy;kuarj ljko ikbkps xq.k ;kaph rqyuk dsyh o fegkysy;k ekfgrhps fo'ys"k.k vfkzfuozpu o fu d kz izdj.k 4 e/;s fnysys vkgs- VIik dzekad 3 lyx v/;kiuke/;s iqflrdsph ifj.kkedkjdrk vteko.ks- la'kksf/kdsus bfrgkl v/;kiu i/nrhp;k 10 fo kfkhz f'k{kdkaph fuom lks;hldj i/nrhus dsyh- ;k fo kfkhzf'k{kdkap;k ifgy;k ljko ikbkps fujh{k.k dsys- ;kuarj iqflrdk okpko;kl fnyh- iqflrdk okpy;kuarj ekxzn'kzu dsys o ikb fu;kstu djko;kl lkafxrys- ;k ikbkaps fujh{k.k islv ;k fujh{k.k lk/kuk}kjs dsys o fegkysy;k

34 aa 113 ekfgrhps vfkzfuozpu o fo ys k.k izdj.k pkj e/;s fnysys vkgsla kks/ku dk;zi/nrhp;k dk;zokghph laf{kir ekam.kh iq<hy lkj.khe/;s n kzfoyh vkgs- lkj.kh Øeka ad la'kks/ku dk;zi/nrhp;k dk;zokghph dkylwph dk;zokghps Lo:i fnukad VIik & 1 f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;ke/;s bfrgkl ikb o ikbekxzn'kzu lanhkkzr >kysys la'kks/ku] ku] tkusokjh 2005 ikb ekxzn'kzu ns.kkú;k ekxzn'kzu o ra=kcjkscj ppkz] ;ke/kwu iz'ukoyh rs izk/;kidkalkbh iz'ukoyh fufezrh- es 2005 fufezrh- VIik & 2 bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu fujh{k.k ljkoikb fujh{k.kk lanhkkzrhy la'kks/ku] ekxzn'kzd o twu 2005 uksan lwph rak ;kcjkscj ppkz ;ke/kwu iz'ukoyhe/;s fegkysyh rs bfrgkl ikb ekfgrh ekxzn'kzu fujh{k.k uksan lwph uksogsacj 2005 fufezrh- VIik & 3 bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzd iqflrdk iz'ukoyh o fujh{k.k uksan lwph ;ke/kwu fegkysyh fmlsacj 2005 ekfgrh] ekxzn'kzd o rk ;kapscjkscj ppkz ;ke/kwu rs bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk fufezrh- es 2006 VIik & 4 pkp.kh}kjk bfrgkl ikb 5 fo kfkhz f'k{kdkauk iqflrdk vh;klko;kl nsowu uarj 20@09@2006 ekxzn'kzu iqflrdsph ljkoikb?ks.ks- R;kps fujh{k.k d:u R;krwu rs fo'olfu;rk rikl.ks- ifj.kkedkjdrk rikl.ks- 30@09@2006 VIik & 5 osxosxg;k rhu f'k{k.k'kkl= osxosxg;k 3 f'k{k.k'kkl= egkfo ky;k e/khy f'k{kd 20@10 10@2006 egkfo ky;k e/;s iqflrdsph izf'k{kdkauk iqflrdspk vh;kl djko;kl lkaxwu] rs ifj.kkedkjdrk ikg.ks- fo kfkhzf'k{kdkauk f'k{kdkauk vh;klko;kl ykowu exp ikb 30@11 11@2007 fu;kstu d:u fujh{k.k dj.ks- VIik & 6 lqv~vs ljkoikbkph la'kksf/kdsus Lor%P;kp dkwyste/;s 10 fo kfkhz 16@12 ifj.kkedkjdrk igk.ks- f'k{kdkaps?kvdkps voyksdu dsy;kuarj ljkoikb rs ikfgys- uarj bfrgkl ikb ekxzn'kzu iqflrdk 30@12 vh;klko;kl nsowu ikbkph ifj.kkedkjdrk ikfgyh- VIik & 7 lyx v/;kiukr iqflrdsph ifgy;k ikbkps fujh{k.k d:u uarj iqflrdspk vh;kl ifj.kkedkjdrk ikg.ks- djko;kl lkaxwu] ikbkps fu;kstu d:u R;k ikbkps rs fujh{k.k dj.ks- ojhy 4] 5] 6 o 7 ;k VII;ke/kwu iqflrdsph ifj.kkedkjdrk la'kksf/kdsus ikfgyh- ;k lokzaps mfí V fugk; fu"d"kz izdj.k 4 e/;s fnysys vkgsr-

35 114 ojhy ekfgrhp;k fo'ys"k.kklkbh lkaf[;dhra= la'kks/kukp;k fofo/k lk/kuk}kjs ladfyr dsysy;k ekfgrhps fo'ys"k.k] vfkzfuozpu dj.;klkbh lkaf[;dh ra= VDdsokjh] 't' - test, F test, ;k lkaf[;dh ra=kpk okij dsyk vkgs- gh ekfgrh izdj.k 4 e/;s fnyh vkgs-