February 1

Transkripcija

1 1000 tnm-zy-ßfpw- DØcßfpw- 1. C y- ]m -e-sa- n-se- G- -hpw- {]- [m-\-s - -Xpw- ssz -Lyw- Iq-Sn-b-Xpam-b- sk-j- -_-Uv-P- v- sk-j G- -hpw-iq-sp-x - cm-py-ß-fp-am-bn- A-Xn -Øn- ]- n-sp- - k-ap-{zw- -A-Xvem- n-iv- k-ap-{zw B -]v-kv- ] -h-x-\n-c-bn - G- -hpw- D-b-c-ap- - `m-kw- - tam- v- ªm- v G-Xp- \q- m- n-em-wv- Xm-Pv-a-l - \n -an- -Xv- - ]-Xn-t\-gmw- \q- m- n cm-jv-{s-]-xn-ÿm-\w- h-ln- -ti-jw- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b-Xv- - P-Ãn-kv- Fw.- ln-zm-b-øp C- y-bn-se- c- m-a-sø- am-ã - I- -t{smƒ- s^-kn-en- n- sk- - sf.- F-kv.-B.-H.-F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - A-tbm-[y-\-K _v-fm- v- t_m-iv-kv- A-Y-hm- tim- Iv-]n- v- thm-bv-kv- sd-t m -U-dn-s - \n-dw- - Hm-d- v GXn-s -sb- mw- kw-bp- -am-wv- A- tam-wn-b- - ss\-{s-p-, ssl-{u-p Z- n-wm-{^n- - Km- n- F- -dnb-s - -Xv- -s\ -k- - a-t -e "-ssh- v- tπ-kv-'- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - -bw `-c-w-l-s-\-bp-ss- G-Xv- A-\p-t -Zw- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- au-en-im-h-im-i-߃- \n-tj-[n- -s -Sp- - A-h-k-c-ßfn - H-cn- y- ]u-c-\v- ssl-t m- S-Xn-sb- k-ao-]n- m-hp- -Xv {]-Im-iw- G- -hp-a-[n-iw- th-k-øn k- -cn- p- - am-[y-aw- - iq-\y-ÿ-ew a-\p-jy-i-co-c-øn-se- G- -hpw- sn-dnb- A-ÿn- - tã- n-kv am -Øm-Wv-U-h -a- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn - `-c-w-ta- - h -jw C- y-bp-ss- hy-h-km-b- X-e-ÿm-\w- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - apw-ss_ G- -hpw- Ip-d- - `q-cn-]- -Øn-\p- Xn-c-s -Sp- -s - - {]-kn-u- v- - hn.- hn.- Kn-cn G-Xv- cm-py-øm-wv- ip-`-{]-xo- m- ap- \-ºv- -Z- n-wm-{^n Hm-Iv-kn-P-\v- B- t]-cp- \ -In-b-Xv- -em-thm-kn-b Ir-{Xn-a- kn - v- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- -d-tbm ssn-\o-kv- tdm-kv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- -sn-º-c-øn tx-\o- - q- n - ap- -bn-sp- - ]- n- -s]m- am Z- n-wm-{^n- -bn -sh- v- Km- n-pn- Xo-h- n-bn -\n- pw- ]p-d-øm- -s - - tã-j- - ]o- -am-cn- v-kv-s_ -Kv C- y-bn-se- B-Zy- ]-{X-am-b- _w- Kmƒ- K-k- v- {]-kn- o-i-c-w-am-cw-`n- - h -jw a-\p-jy-i-co-c-øn-se- G- -hpw- sn-dn-bt]-in-bm-b- tã- n-un-b-kv- F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- - a-[y-i -W-Øn a-wn- _n - \n-b-a-k-`-bn - A-h-X-cn- n- m- A-\p-a-Xn- \ -Ip- -Xm-cv- -K- h -W G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X -Im-ew- `-cn- - kp - Øm-t\- v- hw-iw- - Xp- -Iv-hw-iw-( ) G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X -Im-ew- A-ta-cn- - {]-kn-u- v-]-zw- h-ln- -Xv- -{^m- v-fn- Un- dq-kv-sh - v "-kp-k- -{Z-hy-ß-fp-sS- dm-wn-'- -A-Ø c- m -_p-z-øn-s\-xn-sc- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - Hu-j-[-k-kyw- - i-hw-\m-dn "-]p-jv-]-ß-fp-ss- dm-wn-'- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- -tdm-kv F- m-wv- sx-ep-kp- Kw-Km- t{]m-p-iv-sv- - Ir-jv-W-\-Zn-bn -\n- v- sn-ss - \- K-c-Øn - P-e-sa-Øn- m-\p- - ]- -Xn am-am- -th-zn-bm-bn-cp- - Xn-cp-\m-hm-b- G- Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-bn-cp- p- - `m-c- X- p-g Ip-e-ti-J-c- am-cp-ss- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp- -Xv- - a-tlm-z-b-]p-cw F- n-s - B-h-c-W-am-Wv- πq-d- - izm-k- tim-iw Ip-cp-ap-f-In-\v- F-cn-hp- \ -Ip- - h-kv- Xp- - Im-cn-tbm-^n-en Ip-e-ti-J-c- B-gv-hm - G-Xp- hw-i-ønse- cm-pm-hm-bn-cp- p- - tn-c-hw-iw F- n-s - A-bn-cm-Wv- I-em-an- - kn- v F-.-F- v _- n- n- p- - ÿ-e߃- - tim-gn-t m-sv- -aq-e-l C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- ] -h-xw- - ln-am-e-bw G- -hpw- Ip-d- v- I-S -Øo-c-ap- - Z- ntw- y- kw-ÿm-\w- - tkm-h t]m- -ºm-Sv- ]- -Xn- G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv- -tkm-zm-h-cn _-tbm-f-pn- (Po-h-im-kv-{Xw-)-bp-sS- ]n-xmhv- - A-cn-tÃm- n F- m-wv- ho-\-kv-t{sm-^n-b- - ku-µ-cyap- - kv-{xo-i-tfm-sp- - `-bw km-xv-]p-c-bp-ss- dm-wn- -]-Nv-a-Un G-Xp- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv- Ip-dp-h-Zzo-]v- - I-_- \n F- v- A-b - kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp- - kwÿm-\w- - D-Ø - {]-tz-iv Ip-cn-ip-bp- -߃- p- th-zn-bm-b- h- Ic- - bq-tdm- v G-Xv- C- y- {]-[m-\-a-{ n-bv- m-wv H-fn-ºn-Iv- Hm -U - e-`n- -Xv- - C- µn-cm-km- n G-Xv- C- y- kw-ÿm-\-øm-wv- h-\w- G- -hpw- Ip-d-hv- - l-cn-bm-\ \-s - n- m-ø- Po-hn-I-fn - G- -hpw- _p- n-bp- -Xv- -\o-cm-fn C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- ]- n- - k-c-k- sim- v P-e-Po-hn-I-fn - G- -hpw- _p- n-bp- -Xv- -tumƒ-^n F- n-s - kzm-`m-hw- A-f- m-\m-wv- kv-s]-iv-t{sm-ao- - D- ]-tbm-kn- p- -Xv- - {]-Im-iw G-Xv- bq-tdm-]y- cm-py-øm-wv- cm-jv- {S-Ø-e-h- {Km- Uv- Uyq- v- F- -dn- b-s -Sp- -Xv- -e-iv-kw-_ -Kv tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- \n-im-ie-`w- -A- v-e-kv- tam-øv B-Sp-I-fp-sS- dm-wn- -Pw-\m-]m-cn G-Xv- k-ap-{z-øn-em-wv- k -Km-tkm- I- S - -A-Xv-em- n-iv- k-ap-{zw a-bq-c-knw-lm-k-\-hpw- tim-ln-\q - c-xv- \-hpw- t] -jy-bn-te- p- I-S-Øn-b-Xv- - \m-zn -jm G-Xp- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- sssw- kv-iz-b - - \yq-tbm - v Km- n-pn- spm-l- m-kv-s_ -Kn tsmƒ-tãm-bv-^mw- ÿm-]n- - h -jw \yq-t{sm- - t_mw-_v- I- p-]n-sn- -Xv- - km-ap-h - tim-l se- kv,- {]n-kw- F- n-h- \n -an- m- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - m-kv- -^v-fn- v- m-kv s_- ko- I- p-]n-sn- -Xv- -^m-tc-u G- -hpw- Ip-d- - Xn-f-\n-e-bp- - aq-e- Iw- - lo-en-bw sh-fp-ø- c- m-wp- ƒ- Iq-Sp-X-ep- m- Ip- - A-h-ÿ- -ep- o-an-b tum-iv-s -am - F-Sp- p- - {]-Xn- - - ln-t m-{im- -kv- {]-Xn \-s - n - a-cp- p- Ip-Øn-h- -ti-jw- F- Sp- p- - F-Iv-kv-td-bm-Wv- -ssa-tem-{kmw k-ky-h-f -,- N-e-\w- F- n-h-sb- \nb-{ n- p- - tlm -tam- - - Hm-Iv-kn "-s\- n-\-ß-fp-ss- dm-wn-'- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- -Xv- -_-kv-a-xn G-Xv- A-W-s - n-s - P-e-kw-`-c-Wn-bm- Wv- tkm-hn-µv- km-k - - `-{Im- \w-k G-Xv- C- y- \-K-c-am-Wv- {_n- o-jp-im - v- cm-p-io-b- kv-{xo-[-\-sa- - \n-e-bn e-`n- -Xv- - t_mw-s_ Ip- n- m-sp-i-fp-ss- \m-sv- F- v- t]-cn-\ - Y-ap- - kw-ÿm-\w- - Pm -J-Wv-Uv F- dn- v-uv- bp-td-\n-bw- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- -Xv- - bp-td-\n-bw Ip-cn-in-s - Nn-{X-ap- - ]-Xm-I-bp- - cm- Pyw- - kzn- v-k -e- v \-s - n- m-ø- G- -hpw- h-en-b- A-I-ticp-In- - `o-a- I-W-h Ip-e-ti-J-c- B-gv-hm-cp-sS- `-c-w-im-l- w- - -F.-Un F- n-s - Ip-d-hp-aq-e-am-Wv- I-W- D- m- Ip- -Xv- - hn- m-an- Un G-Xp- \q- m- n-em-wv- tpm- Hm-^v- B - v- Po-hn- n-cp- -Xv C- y-bn-se- {]-Xn-tcm-[- tk-\-i-fp-ss- ]-c-am-[n-]-xyw- B-cn - \n- n-]v-x-am-bncn- p- p- - cm-jv-{s-]-xn G-Xp- [m-xp-hn-\m-wv- Pm-cn-b- J-\n- {]- kn- w- - I - -cn a-cp-{]-tz-iw- G- -hpw- Ip-d- - `q-j-wv- Uw- - bq-tdm- v am - n- eq-x - Inw-Kn-s - hn-jym-x-amb- F-\n- v- H-cp- kz-]v-\-ap- v- {]-kw- Kw- G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn - h- m-bn-cp- p-?- -hm-jnw-kv-s- - Un.-kn amƒ-h-bn - Jn -Pn- hw-iw- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - a-l-aq-zv- Jm A- n- ] -h-x-ß-fn- m-ø- `q-j-wv-uw- - Hm-kv-t{S-en-b B-[p-\n-I- k-ky-im-kv-{x-øn-s - ]n- Xm-hm-Wv- -I-tcm-e-kv- en- o-kv ]-g-ß-fp-ss- dm-wn- -am-t m-ssã a-\p-jy-s\- N-{µ-\n-se-Øn- - B-Zy- _-ln-cm-im-i- hm-l-\w- -A-t m-tfm "-Po- '-F- - hm- n-s - D-]- m-xmhv- -hn-eyw- spm-lm- k B-Zy-sØ- kz-im-cy- _-ln-cm-im-ihm-l-\w- -kv-t]-kv-jn- v- h In-g-ßp-I-fp-sS- dm-wn- - m-un-tbm-e- kv am-en-iv-_n- Zn-\m - ti-c-f-øn - ]- n-iƒ- ]-Wn-Xv- C- mw-a-xw- kv-ym- ]n- - h -jw- -F.-Un Iw-]yq- - k-b- kn-s - ]n-xm-hv- - A-e- Sq-dn-Mv `-c-w-l-s-\-bp-ss- G-Xv- A-\p-t -Zw- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- ]m -e-sa- n-s - C-cp-k- `-I-fp-sS-bpw- kw-bp- - k-tω-f-\whn-fn- p- Iq- p- -Xv amƒ-h-bp-ss- ta - t\-sn-b- hn-p-b-øns - kv-a-c-w-bv- v- Nn-t m-dn - hn-pb-kv-xw-`w- \n -an- -Xv- - Ipw-`- dm-w am -t m- t]m-tfm- ti-c-f-øn-se-ønb- h -jw a-\p-jy-s - sn-dp-ip-s-en-s - \o-fw ao G-Xv- cm-py-øm-wv- ap-l-ω-zv- \-_n-bpss- I-_-dn-Sw- ÿn-xn-sn-øp- - a-zo- \- -ku-zn- A-td-_y t]-cn-\v- knw-lw- F- -Y-ap- - ap-kƒ- cm-pm-hv- -_m-_ C- y-bp-ss- I-c- A-Xn -Øn-bp-sS- \ofw- F-{X- In-tem-ao `q-kp-cp-xz-_-ew- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep- - Xv- -{[p-h-{]-tz-i-øv Iv-fm-kn- - `m-jm- ]-Z-hn- e-`n- - B- Zy- C-t m- B-cy- `m-j- - kw-kv-ir- Xw `q-tkm-f-øn - G- -hpw- sx- m-bnÿn-xn-sn-øp- - X-e-ÿm-\-\-K-cw- - sh- n-mv-s Z- n-w-t`m-p- F- -dn-b-s - - Xn-cphn-Xmw-Iq - cm-pm-hv- - kzm-xn- Xn-cp- \mƒ t\m - - (t\m- - sd-kn-u- v- ti-cssf- v- A-^-tb-gv-kv-)- sn-b -am- -ap- Jy-a-{ n am -K-Z -in-bm-b- Cw- o-jp-im-c- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- - am-ã - dm -^v- ^n- v Kp-cp- tkm-_n-µv- kn-mv- sx -a - πm-

2 - v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - tdm ]- n-a-l- -Øn-\pw- k-ap-{z-øn-\pw- C- S-bv- p- - Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-Øn-s - h-s- p- `m-k-øn-s - t]-cv- - sim ]- n-am -[-tkm-f-øn-se- G- -hpw- D-bcw- Iq-Sn-b- sim-sp-ap-sn- -A-Izm- Im-Kz _-tbm-f-pn- F- - hm- v- cq-]-h-xv-i-cn- -Xv- -Po- em-am - v hm-l-\-ß-fp-ss- Nn- v- \n -an- n-cn- p- - m-kv- -tk-^v- n- m-kv C-Xn-lm-k-Øn-se- kq-cy-hw-i-øn-s - Ip-e-Kp-cp- - h-kn-jv-t G- -hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- D-]-Zzo-]v- -sxt - C- y C- ym-n-cn-{x-øn-se- B-Zy- A-^v-Km- hw-iw- -tem-[n- hw-iw kw-l-im-e-øv- tnm-f- am-cp-ss- X-eÿm-\w- -D-ssd-bq C- y-bv- v- H-cp- `-c-w-l-s-\- F- - B- i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-t m- p-h- -Xv- -Fw.- F-.-tdm-bv cm-pv-a-l - Ip- p-iƒ- G-Xv- kw-ÿm- \-Øv- - Pm -J-Wv-Uv cm-jv-{s-]-xn-bp-ss- A-km- n- y-øn - Np-a-X-e- \n -h-ln- p- -Xv- - D-]-cm-jv-{S- ]-Xn Kp-cp- \m-\m-iv- sx -a - ]-h - πm- v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - `- n- U G-Xv- k-ap-{z-øn-em-wv- Kƒ-^v- kv-{sow- -A-Xv-em- n-iv- k-ap-{zw t]ƒ- lm -_ - G-Xv- k-ap-{z-xo-c-øm- Wv- -]-k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw ti-c-f-øn-se- H-cp- km-t -Xn-I- k -h- I-em-im-e- - sim- n- k -h-i-em-im-e "-`m-c-x- ti-k-cn-'- F- p- hn-ti-jn- n- s - -Xv- -a- -Øp- ]-Zv-a-\m-` j-lo-zv- -C- -A-kw- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- - `-K-Xv- kn-mv tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq- Sn-b- Zzo-]p-cm-jv-{Sw- - knw-k- q G- -hpw- h-en-b- {Zm-hn-U-`m-j- -sx-ep- v ]- m-_n-s - X-e-ÿm-\w- - N-Wv-Un- K-Vv `-c-w-l-s-\-bp-ss- G-Xv- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- cm-py-k-`-bn-te- v- km-ln- Xyw,- im-kv-{xw,- I-e,- km-aq-ln-i- {]-h - Ø-\w- F- o- cw-k-ß-fn - {]-K -`-cm-b- 12t]-sc- cm-jv-{s-]-xn- \m-a-\n -tz-iw- snøp- -Xv- -80 mw- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw Izm-bn-Zv- -C- -A-kw- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- - ap-l-ω-zv- A-en- Pn kn-±n- k-øn-zv- tam-kv-iv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv kq-cy-s - D-]-cn-X-e-Øn-se- Xn-f- -tadn-b- `m-k-߃- p- - t]-cv- - ^m- p-en P-Ωp- -I-iv-ao-cn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- X- Sm-Iw- - hp-fm sim- -t m-sn-s - ]-g-b- t]-cv- - hn-lm-b- k-]p-cw tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- ]o-t-`q-an- - Sn-_- v tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- sn-dn-b- kn- ntã- v- - h-øn- m ti-c-f-øn-se- G- -hpw- sx-t -b- -søtªm- v- ]- m-b-øv- - ]m-d-»m-e temi-øn-se- G- -hpw- Xm-sg-bm-bn- ÿn- Xn- sn-øp- - X-Sm-Iw- - Nm-hp- I-S {io-e- -bn - B-[n-]-Xy-ap-d- n- - B-ZysØ- bq-tdm-]y- i- n- - t]m - p-k k-ky-tem-i-øn-se- amw-k-kw-cw-`-i - F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - k-ky-h -Kw- - ]-b-dp- h -Kw πm- n- -kv- Im-W-s -Sp- - h- I-c- - Hm- kv-t{s-e-n-b th-ep-ø-ºn-bp-ss- B-Xv-a-l-Xy- G-Xvh -j-øn - - F.-Un tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- hn-kv-xr-x-am-b- \-Zo-X-Sw- -B-a-tkm B-Zy-sØ- h-b-em - A-hm -Uv- t\-sn-b- Ir-Xn- - A-Kv-\n-km- n tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- _r-l-øm-b- `- c-w-l-s-\-bp- - cm-pyw- - C- y C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- en-^v- v- ÿm-]n- s - - \-K-cw- - sim - -Ø Nm- m-pn- F- v- kv-t\-l-]q -hw- hn-fn- -s - - C- y- {]-[m-\-a-{ n- - P-hml -em - s\-lv-dp ti-c-f- t^m-iv-tem - A- m-z-an-bp-ss- B- ÿm-\w- - I-Æq Ko-X-tKm-hn-µw- c-nn- -Xv- - P-b-tZ-h Np-h- - \-Zn-bp-sS- \m-sv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - kw-ÿm-\w- - A-kw G-Xv- cm-py-øn-s - tz-io-b- Km-\-am-Wv- Zn- tdm-b - am - v- - kv-s]-bn tem-i-sø- B-Zy-sØ- kzm-an-\m-cm-b- W- t -{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - A-l-Ω- Zm-_m-Zv P -a-l - ÿn-xn-sn-øp- - am- km-k - X-Sm-Iw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - P-bv-]q N-hn- p-\m-s-i-sø- P-\-Io-b- I-em-cq-]- am- n- D-b -Øn-s m- p-h- -Xv- - t]m - p-ko-kp-im \-ho-i-c-w-øn-\p- th-zn-bm-b- h- I-c- - bq-tdm- v ti-c-f-øn-se- Im -jn-i- F- n-\o-b-dn- Mv- tim-tf-pv- ÿn-xn- sn-øp- -Xv- - X-h- \q Z-en-Xv- hn-`m-k-øn - \n- pw- cm-jv-{s-]- Xn-bm-b- B-Zy- hy- n- - si.-b.-\m-cmb-w ti-c-f-øn-se- Im-in- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- -Xn-cp-s\- n t]-jzm- hw-i-øn - B-sI- F-{X- `-c- Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- F-{X- t] tum-h - I-S-en-Sp- v- Cw- - n-s\- G-Xpcm-Py-hp-am-bn- th -Xn-cn- p- p- - {^m- kv `-c-w-l-s-\m-\n -am-w-k-`-bp-ss- A-[y- - - cm-tp-{µ- {]-km-zv H- mw- ssa-kq - bp- w- A-h-km-\n- m- Im-c-W-am-b- k- n- F-hn-sS-h- m-wv- H- n- -Xv- - sn-ss {]-Im-i-apƒ-s -ss- H-cp- hv-kv-xp-hn-\pwap- -am-hm-ø-{x- Km-V-am-b- Kp-cp-Xzm- I -j-xz-ap- - _-ln-cm-im-i- h-kv-xp- - X-tam-K -Øw {]-i-kv -X- t\m-h-en-ãv - B -X - si-ãv -e - G-Xp- cm-py-øm-wv- P-\n- -Xv- - lw-k-dn Km- n-pn- B-Zy-am-bn- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- hmbn- - h -jw G-sX- n-ep-sam-cp- C- y- kw-ÿm-\- Øv- K-h -W - ]-Z-hn- h-ln- - B-Zy- a- e-bm-fn- - hn.-]n.-ta-t\m ]m- -\m - N-Xp- p-\n-ew- G-Xv- cm-py- Øm-Wv- - {_-ko k-tcm-pn-\n- \m-bn-up- P-\n- - ÿ-ew- - ssl-z-cm-_m-zv sim-wm - v- kq-cy-t -{Xw- I- n- v- C- hn-ss- in-e-bp-ss- `m-j- a-\p-jy-s - `mj-sb- a-dn-i-s- p- p- F- p- ]-d- -Xv- - Sm-tKm ]m-in-kv-xm-s - tz-io-b- \-Zn- -kn- p ^p-sv-t_m-fn - tkmƒ- t]m-ãn-se- c- pt]m-ãp-iƒ- X-Ωn-ep- - A-I-ew ao C- y-bn - I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m - n-bp-ss- H- mw- ]m - n- tim- -{K-kv- \-S- - ÿ- ew- - apw-ss_ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn -\n- v- tem-iv-k-`-bnte- v- ]-c-am-h-[n- F-{X- Aw-K-ß-fm-Imw tem-i-ss]-xr-i- - n-i-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[- s - - kw-l-s-\- - bp-s\-kv-tim `-c-w-l-s-\m-t`-z-k-xn-i-sf- - n- {]-Xn-]m- Zn- p- - h-ip- v A-Æm- {Zm-hn-U- ap-t - - I-g-Iw- ÿm- ]n- -Xv- -Fw.-Pn.-cm-a-N-{µ G- -hpw- A-h-km-\w- kz-x-{ - C- y-bpam-bn- Iq- n-t - -s - - hn-tz-i- tim-f- \n- -tkm-h kz-tz-im-`n-am-\n- si.-cm-a-ir-jv-w- ]n- sb- \m-sp-i-s-øn-b- Zn-hm- - ]n.-cm-p-tkm- ]m-em-nm-cn sh- -Øn-se- ]q-cw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- - B-d- p-f- h- w-i-fn tkm-hn-µv- km-k - F- - a-\p-jy-\n -an- X- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-øm-wv- - ln-am-n - {]-tz-iv tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- hn-kv-xo -Ww- Iq- Sn-b- \-K-cw- - au- v- C-k- (Hm-kv-t{S-en- b-) Z-imw-i-k-{º-Zm-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm- Kn- -Xv- - B-cy-` Km- n-pn- kzm-x-{ y-zn-\-øn -Km- n- Pn-F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp- p- - _w-km-fn tkm -s m- - c-xv-\-j-\n- G-Xv- kwÿm-\-øm-wv- - B-{ m-{]-tz-iv C- ym-tk- v- cq-]-i-ev-]-\- sn-bv-x-xv- - F-Uzn- ep-sy- kv ssn-\- kn- n-an-s\- C- y-bp-ss- `m-kam-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn- - h -jw ]- m-f- m - v- i-º-fw- scm- w- ]-Wam-bn- \ -In-b- B-Zy- U -ln- kp - Øm- - A-em-hp-±o- Jn -Pn _w- m-tz-in-se- G- -hpw- D-b - - ssk- \n-i- _-lp-a-xn- - _o - t{i-jv-t-txm {]-Im-i-Øn-s - th-kw- B-Zy-am-bn- I- W- m- n-b-xv- - tdm-a B-a-tkm- - \-Zn- H-gp-Ip- - cm-py-߃- - {_-ko,- s]-dp,- sim-fw-_n-b B -X - tim-\- tum-b - G-Xp- cm- Py-Øm-Wv- P-\n- -Xv- - kv-tim-sv-e- v C-cp- - ]- m-ø-e-øn-se- {]-Im-i-am-\- am-b- _n-µp- F- v- Qm- kn- dm-wn-sbhn-ti-jn- n- -Xv- - P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp F-en-^- v- s^-ãn-h - \-S- p- -sx-hnss- - P-bv-]q G-Xn-s - h-f -Ø-en-\m-Wv- Nn - m- X- Sm-Iw- {]-kn- w- - sn-ωo K-P-Km-an-\n- c-nn- - Nn-{X-Im-c- - Fw.- F-^v.-lp-ssk kzo-un-jv- k - m-cn-s - k-lm-b-tømss- tem-iv- Pw-_n-jv- ]- -Xn- B-cw-`n- kw-ÿm-\w- - cm-p-ÿm sss-k - F-b -th-bv-kv- G-Xp- cm-py-øm- Wv- - knw-k- q tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- a-en-\o-i-cn- -s - - \-K-cw- - tsm- n-tbm ti-c-f- tã- v- sse-{_-dn- Iu- -kn-ens - B-Zy- {]-kn-u- v- - I-S-Ω-\n- - cma-ir-jv-w {]-Im-i-Øn-s - X-cw-K-kn- m- w- B- hn-jv-i-cn- -Xv- - {In-kv-Xy- ssl-p- kv an-{x-ta-f-bp-ss- ÿm-]-i- - hn- Un- k- hm Z-bm-h-[-Øn-\p- \n-b-a-km-[p-x- \ -Inb- B-Zy- cm-pyw- - s\-x -e- Uv-kv km-aq-xn-cn-am - tc-h-xn- ]- -Øm-\w- \-S- Øn-bn-cp- - ÿ-ew- - tim-gn-t m-sv- X- fn- t -{Xw Kp-cp-ap-Jn- en-]n- B-hn-jv-I-cn- - kn-jv- Kp-cp- - Aw-K-Zv ti-c-f- tã- v- _mw-_p- tim - -td-j-s - B-ÿm-\w- A- -am-en kzm-`m-hn-i- td-un-tbm- B-Iv-So-h-X- I- p-]n-sn- -Xv- - sl- dn- s_- -d Km- n-pn- B-Zy-am-bn- ti-c-f-øn-se-ønb- h -jw ]-Xn-t\-gmw- \q- m- p-ap-x - ]-søm- ]-Xmw- \q- m- p-h-sc- ^n- e- Uv- `- cn- n-cp- - cm-pyw- - kzo-u _p- -s -bpw- a-lm-ho-c-s -bpw- k-a-imen-i-\m-bn-cp- - cm-pm-hv- - _nw-_n-km-c sh-sn-a-cp- v- I- p-]n-sn- - cm-pyw- - ssn-\ Kp-cp-hm-bq - k-xym-{k-lw- \-S- - h - jw tim- -{K-kv- {]-kn-u- m-b- c- m-a-søhn-tz-in- -hn-eyw- sh-u -t_ {]-Im-i-Øn-s - I-Wn-Im- kn- m- -Øns - D-]- m-xm-hv- - \yq Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw- hn-am-\-øm-h-f-sø- A- m-cm-jv-{s- hn-am-\-øm-h-f-am-bn- {]- Jym-]n- - h -jw Z- n-wm-{^n- -bp-ss- `-c-w-x-e-ÿm-\w- - {]n-t m-dn-b sk- k-kv- {]-Im-cw- ti-c-f-øn-te- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - P-\-kw-Jy-bp- - Pn- - - a-e- p-dw th-ep-ø-ºn-bp-ss- Ip- -d- hn-fw-_-cw- G- Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un (P-\p.-11) tim- -{K-kv- t\-xr-xz-øn-ep- - H-cp- ap- -Wn- B-Zy-am-bn- ti-{µ-øn - A-[n- Im-c-Øn -h- - h -jw k-]p-x-c- ln - tã-j- G-Xv- kw-ÿm- \-Øm-Wv- - Kp-P-dm-Øv c- -Øn-se- A-tam-Wn-b- bq-dn-b- B- nam- -s -Sp- -Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - I-cƒ C- y-bp-am-bn- I- -h-s- _- w- ÿm-]n- - B-Zy-sØ- I-tØm-en- - a-x- m - - t]m - p-ko-kp-im G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - hn-i-kn-x- cm-py-߃- D- - h- I-c- -bq-tdm- v C- y-bp-ss- G-I-tZ-iw- a-[y-øm-bnÿn-xn- sn-øp- - \-K-cw- - \m-kv-]q "-C- y-bn-se- an-\n-kzn- v-k -e- Uv-'- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- -ln-am-n - {]-tz-inse- Jm-Pn-bm ssl-z-cm-_m-zn-\-sp-øv- \n -an- - ]p-xnb- hn-am-\-øm-h-fw- - jw-jm-_m-zv am-b- \m-k-cn-i-x- A-`n-hr- n- {]m-]n- -Xv- G-Xp- {]-tz-i-øm-wv- - a-[y- A-ta- cn C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-ssd- \m-j- W - ]m - m-b- ]n-tdm- - F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- - Kp-P-dm-Øv tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- sn-dn-b- dn- -ªn- Iv- - \u-dp k-ºq -W-hn-π-h-Øn-\v- B-lzm-\w- snbv-x- t\-xm-hv- - P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b C- y-bp-ss- A-tX- Ãm- tu -Uv- k-ab-ap- - cm-pyw- - {io-e G-sX- n-epw- I- n-bp-ss- t\-xm-hn-s\- {]-Xn-]- -t\-xm-hm-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn- p- -Xv- - kv-]o ]m-in-kv-xm-\n-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- c- ma-sø- \-K-cw- -em-tlm G- -hp-sam-sp-hn - C- y- bq-wn-b-t\m- Sp- tn - -s - - `-c-w-l-s-iw- - kn- nw \n-b-a-k-`- ]m-km- n-b- _n- p-iƒ- cmjv-{s-]-xn-bp-ss- A-\p-a-Xn- m-bn- k-a - n- p- -Xm-cv- -K-h -W kz-x-{ - C- y-bn - Km- n-pn- F-{X- Zn-h-k-am-Wv- Po-hn- -Xv sh-sºm-en-\m-sv- h-s- pw-iq-sd- pw- sx- pw-iq-sd- pw- c- m-bn- ]n-cn- -Xv- -F.-Un Nm-µv-hn-Iv- sh- - m- w- G-Xv- kw-ÿm- \-Øv- -ln-am-n - {]-tz-iv Nn-{Xm-e-Xm- sim- m-c-øn - Xm-a-kn- p- -Xv- G-Xv- cm-py-sø- cm-p-ip-spw-_-am- Wv- -Xm-bv-e- Uv cm-pym- -c- Zm-cn-{Zy- ]-T-\- ti-{µw- G-Xvcm-Py-Øm-Wv- - {_-ko Kn- -kv- _p- n-epw- ÿm-\w- ]n-sn- - `mc-x-c-xv-\w- tp-xm-hv- - e-xm-a-t -jv-i A-h-km-\-sØ- hn-[n- h-c- -Xv- - ssa- - em- -tem Izn- n- ym- {]-ta-bw- (1942)- ]m-km- nb- tim- -{K-kv- k-tω-f-\w- - t_mw-s_ P-e-ssh-Zyp-Xn- D -]m-z-\-øn - kw-

3 ÿm-\-øv- H- mw-ÿm-\-ap- - Pn- - - C- Sp- n _w- m-tz-in-se- P-\-߃- kzm-x-{ y-øn- \m-bn- s]m-cp-xn-b-t mƒ- A-h - v- ]n- p-w- \ -I-W-sa- v- ]-d- - B-Zy- C- y- t\-xm-hv- - P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b "-aq-iv-\m-b-iv-'- F- - ]-{Xw- B- cw-`n- -Xv- -tum.- _n.-b.-aw-t_-zv-i ]-{X-{]-h -Ø-\w- \-S-Øn-b-Xn-s - t]- cn - X-S-h-\p-`-hn-t - n-h- - B-Zy- C- y- m-c- -kp-tc-{µ-\m-yv- _m-\ -Pn B- nƒ- kw-ÿm-\w- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- - ln-am-n - {]-tz-iv cm-jv-{s-]-xn-bp-ss-bpw- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xnbp-sS-bpw- A-km- n- y-øn - Np-a-X-e- \n -h-ln- p- -Xv- - kp-{]ow-tim-s-xn- No- ^v- P-Ãn-kv a-\p-jy-s - im-kv-{x-\m-aw- - tlm-tam- km-]n-b- kv am-en- Zzo-]v- In-g-S- n-b- tnm-f-cm-pm-hv- cm-p-cm-p-tnm-f t]m - p-ko-kp-im - v- I- -h-s-øn-\v- A- \p-a-xn- \ -In-b- B-Zy-sØ- ti-c-f- cm- Pm-hv- - sim- n- cm-pm-hv Km- n-pn- ssi-k - C- ln-µv- _-lp-a-xnbpw- Sm-tKm - k - ]-Z-hn-bpw- D-t]- n- - h -jw au- au- e-l-f- \-S- - cm-pyw- - si-\n-b `q-a-[y-tc-j-bpw- Z- n-wm-b-\-tc-j-bpw- I-S- p-t]m-ip- - H-tc-sbm-cp- cm-pyw- - {_-ko am-pn- am-pn- e-l-f- \-S- - cm-pyw- - Xm- km-\n-b \-tc-{µ-\m-yv-z-ø- F- - _m-ey-im-e-\ma-ap- - kzm-an- hn-th-im-\-µ-\v- B-Zy-an- t]-cv- -ho-tc-iz - Z-Ø ]m- m-xy- ssh-zy-im-kv-{x-øn - _n-cp- Zw- t\-sn-b- B-Zy- C- y- h-\n-x-iƒ- - Im-Zw-_n-\n- Kmw-Kp-en,- B-\-µn-`m-bn- tpm- jn ]-ªn-Iv- A- u- v-kv- I-Ωn- n- sn-b - am-s\- \n-b-an- p- -Xm-cv- -kv-]o tz-h-k-am-p-øn-s - ÿm-]-i- -in-h- \m-cm-b- - A- n-tlm-{xn th-z-k-am-pw- ÿm-]n- -Xv- -{io-[-c-ep- \m- bn-up `q-kp-cp-xz-kn- m- w- B-hn-jv-I-cn- -Xv- sf-kv-iv- \yq kv-{xo-iƒ- v- {]-th-i-\-an- m-ø- au- v- B-tXm-kv- G-Xv- cm-py-øm-wv- - {Ko-kv a-lm-dm-wn- Kp-l- G-Xv- cm-py-øm-wv- - C-t m-\n-jy {]-Im-i-Øn-\p- t\-sc- sn-sn-iƒ- h-f-cp- - {]-Xn-`m-kw- - t^m-t m-t{sm- n-kw C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- C- -s\- v- I-W- - In- n-b- hy- n- - j-ωn- I-]q P-e- - G-Xn-\p- {]-kn- w- - kv-t]m -Svkv- km-a-{kn-iƒ s]-cp-º-s- p- kz-cq-]w- Xn-cp-h- n- p-f- Øp-\n- v- sim- n-bn-te- v- B-kv-Ym-\wam- n-b-xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un Np-h- - {K-lw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - snm tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- Xn-c- p-iq-sn-b- ]m-ew- - lu-d- (sim - -Ø-) Izn- n- ym-k-a-c-im-e-sø- tim- -{K-kv- {]-kn-u- v- - au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zv k-a-n-xp-cm-ir-xn-bn-ep- - tz-io-b- ]-Xm- I-bp- - cm-pyw- - kzn- v-k -e- Uv km- Uv-hn- v- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- G-Xv- k-ap-{z-ønem-wv- -A-Xv-em- n-iv- k-ap-{zw sf-tlmƒ- im-k-\-øn - ]-cm-a -in- s -Sp- - cm-pm-hv- - ]p-en-ti-in- c- m-a sh- -Øn-\-Sn-bn-eq-sS- \o- m- I-gn-hp- - ]- n- - s]- Kzn ti-c-f- I-em-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s - ap- Im-et]-cv- - ti-c-f- B -Sv-kv- A- m-z-an tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- sn-dn-b- `q-j-wv- Uw- - Hm-kv-t{S-en-b Zm-Zm- km-tl-_v- ^m -s - B-Zy- ^o- - ^n-enw- \n -an- - h -jw ti-c-f-øn-se- in-cp-hm-wn- A-W-s - nse- P-ew- X-an-gv-\m- n-se- G-Xv- \-K-c-Ønse- B-h-iy-Øn-\m-Wv- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - Xv- -tim-b-º-øq ti-c-f- hp-uv- C- U-kv-{So-kn-s - B- ÿm-\w- - \n-e-ºq k-am-[m-\w- H-gn-sI-bp- - hn-j-b-ß-fnse- s\m-t_ - tp-xm- ƒ- v- G-Xp- cm- Py-Øp-h- m-wv- ]p-c-kv-im-cw- \ -Ip- - Xv- - kzo-u tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- ]-g- w-sn- - tx- p-txm- w- ti-c-f-øn-se- G-Xv- Pn- -bnem-wv- - a-e- p-dw C- y-bn-em-zy-am-bn- h-\n-xm- ta-b - 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4 -߃- - {_- -N-cyw,- Kr-l-ÿm-{i-aw,- hm-\-{]-ÿw,- k- ym-kw kz-x-{ -am-bn- \n-e-sim- - B-{^n- - cm-py-߃- - F-tXym-]y,- sse-_o-cn-b tem-i-øv- B-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- P-\n-X-I- am- v- X-øm-dm- p- -Xn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn- -Xv- G- Xv- im-kv-{x- -s - c- - km-ºn-fp-ifm-wv- - sp-bnw-kv- hm-sv-k knw-k- q - G-Xv- k-ap-{z-xo-c-øm-wv- -]- k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw \n -hr-xn- ]- -I-Øn-s - I -Øm-hv- -{io- \m-cm-b-w-kp-cp Nn-Ãn- Hm -U - ÿm-]n- - kq-^n- h-cy- - Izm-Pm- sam-bv-\p-±o- Nn-Ãn tnm -an-\m - F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - su -ln tnm -an-\m - \n -an- -Xv- - A-em-hp-±o- Jn -Pn B-Zy-sØ- s\-{lp- πm-\-t -dnbw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- B-cw-`n- -Xv- - ]q-sw kn- -µ - C- km-\n- F- - ÿm-\-t -cvkzo-i-cn- - U -ln- kp -Øm- - A- em-hp-±o- Jn -Pn kv-s]-jy - am-tcy-pv- B-Iv-Sv- _m-[-i-a- m-ø- C- y- kw-ÿm-\w- - P-Ωp- I- iv-ao G- -hpw- `o-i-c-am-b- A- n-] -h-x- kvt^m-s-\w- - {Im- -tøm-h Lm-\-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-cv- - tkmƒ-uv- tim-ãv tem-i-sø- G- -hpw- h-en-b- D-]-Zzo-]v- - A-td-_y kq-cy-{]-im-i-sø- G- -hp-a-[n-iw- {]-Xn- ^-en- n- p- - {K-lw- - ip-{i ku-c-bq-y-øn-se- {K-l-ß-fn - h-ep- - Øn - aq- mw- ÿm-\-ap- - {K-lw- -bp- dm-\-kv ti-c-f-øn-se- G-I- ap- nw- cm-p-hw-iw- - A-d-bv h-cn-iƒ- C- m-sx- kw-ko-xw- am-{x-ap- tz-io-b- Km-\-ap- - cm-pyw- - kv-s]-bn ]p -ta-sp-iƒ- Im-Wm-Ø- G-I- `q-j-wv- Uw- -A- m - n ti-c-f- ap-jy-a-{ n-bm-b-ti-jw- ti-{µa-{ n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy- n- -F.-sI.- B- -Wn B-bp -th-z- Nn-In -km-co-xn- e-`y-am- nbn- p- - C- y-bn-se- G-I- am-\-kn-imtcm-ky-ti-{µw- - tim- -bv `m-c-x-c-xv-\w- tp-xm- -fn - C- y- psh-fn-bn - P-\n- - B-Zy- hy- n- - a-z - sx-tc-k `m-c-xo-b- k- -]-ß-fn-se- _r-l-kv-]- Xn- G-Xp- {K-l-am-Wv- - hym-gw B-Zy-sØ- Hm-S- p-g - A-hm -Uv- t\-snb-xv- - sh-æn- p-fw- tkm-]m-e- p-dp- v h-\-a-tlm- -hw- \-S-Øp- - am-kw- - Pq- sse kzm-x-{ y-øn-\p-ap-ºp- - C- y-bn - Zm-cn-Zy-tc-J-sb- p-dn- v- N - - sn-bv-x- B-Zy- t\-xm-hv- - Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-pn ti-c-f- C- em- Uv- \m-hn-tk-j- tim - -td-j-s - B-ÿm-\w- - sim- n Ip-Spw-_-{io- B-cw-`n- - kw-ÿm-\w- - ti- c-fw kn-dm-pv- D-Zv- Zu-f-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- - ap - jn-zm-_m-zv X-an-gv-\m-Sv- kw-ÿm-\-øv- ap-jy-a-{ n-bmb- B-Zy- h-\n-x- - Pm-\-In- cm-a-n-{µ H- mw- [-\-Im-cy- I-Ωn-j-s - A-[y- - - si.-kn.-\n-tbm-kn Im- o-]p-cw- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv- - ]m-em Ãm- en- dn-k -thm-b - G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-em- Wv- -Im-th-cn knw-lm-n-ew- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-sø- Xo - Ym-S-\- ti-{µ-am-wv- - B-{ m-{]-tz-iv P-bv- ln-µv- F- - ap-{zm-hm-iyw- k-ωm-\n- -Xv- - kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv kp -Øm-t\- n-s - X-e-ÿm-\w- U ln-bn -\n- pw- B-{K-bn-te- v- am- n-b- Xv- - kn- -µ - tem-zn tem-i-sø- G- -hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- ]- Zyw- - a-lm-`m-c-xw kp -Øm- ]q - ]- n-k-t -Xw- G-Xpkw-kv-Ym-\-Øv- - l-cn-bm-\ kp-{]ow- tim-s-xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-b- si.- Pn.-_m-e-Ir-jv-W- ti-c-f-øn-se- G-Xv- Pn- - m-c-\m-wv- - tim- -bw Kp-]v-X-hw-i-Øn-s - c- mw- X-e-ÿm-\- am-bn-cp- -Xv- - D- -bn-\n Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b-cp-sS- `-c-w-im-ew U -ln-bn-se- txm-am-c-hw-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- {]-i-kv-x-\m-b- cm-pm-hv- - am-ln-]me X-an-gv-\m-Sv- K-h -W-dm-b- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n- X- - P-Ãn-kv- Fw.-F-kv.-^m-Øn-am-_o-hn s\-{lp- I-gn- m - ssn-\- k-µ -in- - B-Zy- C- y- {]-[m-\-a-{ n- - cm-po-hv- Km- n sim- n-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- Zn-hm- kn.-]n.-i-cp-wm-i-c-ta-t\m tk-\- am - G-Xp- {]-tz-i-am-wv- `-cn- - Xv- - _w-kmƒ l-hm- a-l - F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - P-bv-]q {^- v- hn-π-h-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s - - ss- o-kv-tim - v- {]-Xn-Pv-R- F- m-bn-cp- p Pq P-e-sØ- ssh-zyp-x- hn-t«-j-ww- \-S-Ønbm - In- p- - aq-e-i-߃- - ssl-{u-p- \pw- Hm-Iv-kn-P-\pw {_n- o-jv- `-c-w-im-e-øv- ]m -e-sa- v- A- dn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv- - sk- {S - e-pn-t - o-hv- A-kw-ªn Xm - F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- Hm-Sp- -Xv- G-sX- mwÿ-e-߃- n-s-bn - - ap-\-_m- `m-shm- - sjm-{i-]m `q-an-bn-se- G- -hpw- X-Wp- p- - ÿ-ew- - sh -tjm-bm- kv-iv Kp-P-dm-Øv- ssl-t m-s-xn-bp-ss- B-ÿm- \w- - A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv Fw- kn- tdm-un-s d- ]-Wn- Xo - -Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un kv-iqƒ- kn- n- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- -su- dm-uq kzm-an- hn-th-im-\-µ- Nn- m-tkm-bn-setem-i- a-x- k-tω-f-\-øn - ]-s -Sp-Øp- {]-kw-kn- - h -jw G- -hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d- - k-am-[m-\- s\mt_ - tp-xm-hv- - ssa-do-uv- tim-dn-k- (1976) Pm -J-Wv-Un-s - X-e-ÿm-\w- - dm- n ti-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn - Iq-Sp-X - a-wv-ue-ß-sf- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sn-bv-x-xv- - Fw.- hn.-cm-l-h h-s- p-in-g- - C- y-bn-se- G- -hpw- h- en-b- \-Zn- - {_- -]p-{x knw-em-i-cm-dn - H- p-sh- -Xv- - C-µn-cm- Km- n {^- vv- hn-π-h-øn-s d- ap-{zm-hm-iyw- kzm-x-{ yw,- k-a-xzw,- km-tlm-z-cyw kn- p-im-cp-ss- B-Zy- Kp-cp-hm-b- \m- \m- v- ( )- P-\n- - {Km-aw- - X - h-µn U-b-a- n-\- {S- v- G-Xv- k-ap-{z-øn-se- G- -hpw- B-gw-Iq-Sn-b- `m-k-am-wv- -C- y- a-lm-k-ap-{zw tpm-\m-x- lm - - F- - I-Ym-]m-{XsØ- kr-jv-sn- -Xv- - {_mw- tãm Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - k-µ -in- - B-Zy-sØssh-t{km-bn- - I-gv-k- - {]-`p F-Xn-cn- m-sx- Xn-c-s -Sp- -s - - G-I- {]-kn-u- vv- - \o-ew- k-rv-po-h-sd-uv-un sim- n- e-pn-t - o-hv- A-kw-_v-fn-bn - Aw-K-am-b- B-Zy- h-\n-x- -txm- -bv- m- v- am-[-hn-b-ω F-gp-Ø- - ]p-c-kv-im-cw- t\-sn-b- B- Zy- h-\n-x- - _m-em-a-wn-b-ω- (1995) A-Iv-_ ]-cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øn-bamƒ-h-bn-se- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn- - _m-kv- _- lm-zq _p- -a-x-sø- p-dn- v- ]-Tn- m- ^mln-bm- C- y-bn-se-øn-b- k-a-b-sø- Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv- -N-{µ-Kp-]v-X- hn-{i-am-zn- Xy A-Iv-_ - A- -cn- -Xv H-Iv-tSm- _ F-gp-Ø- - ]p-c-kv-im-cw- B-Zy-am-bnt\-Sn-b-Xv- - iq-c-\m-sv- Ip- - ]n- - (1993) F-gp-Øp-hn-Zy- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn- - \m-k-cn-i-x- - kp-ta-dn-b F-h-d-Ãn-\v- B- t]-cp- e-`n- m- Im-c- W- m-c-\m-b- tpm -Pv- F-h-d-Ãv- B-cm-bncp- p- - C- y-bp-ss- k -th-b - P-\-d Fw.-]n.-`- -Xn-cn- m-sn-s - Xq-en-Im-\m-aw- - t{]w-pn kn-xm - C- y- kw-ko-x-øn-\p- ]-cn- N-b-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv- - A-ao - Jp-{kp Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- tkm-{[- kw-`-hw- \-S- h -jw kpw-k-hw-i- ÿm-]-i- - ]p-jy-an-{x kw-l-im-e-ir-xn-i-fp-ss- ap-jy-{]-ta-bw- - {]-W-bw,- bp- w tem-i-sø- an-i- - {In- - v- Xm-c-Øn-\p- - sf.-kn.-kn.-a-hm -Uv- - Km-cn- tkmt_-gv-kv- A-hm -Uv tem-i-sø- B-sI- F-{X- k-a-b-ta-je-i-fm-bn- Xn-cn- n-cn- p- p tem-iv-k-`-bn - Xn-c-s -Sp- -s - - Aw-K-߃ ti-c-f-øn - \n-e-\n- n-cp- - Zm-b-{I-asØ- p-dn- v- ]-cm-a -in- - {]-Y-a- hn-tzi-k- m-cn- - {^-b - tpm -Um-\-kv ti-c-f-øn - ]-co- -Wm -Yw- d- -Irjn- Xp-S-ßn-b-sX-hn-sS- - Xm-a-c-t»-cn _m-jv-]- -S - F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -N-{µ _p- -s - `m-cy- - b-tim-[-c tk-\-hw-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- a-lm-\m-bcm-pm-hv- - hn-p-b-tk-\ ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {]-kv- tim- b-øv- kv-ym-]n- -Xv- - s_- -an- s_- bv-en- (1821) tkm-h-bp-ss- `-c-w- X-e-ÿm-\w- - ]-\m-pn th-ep-ø-ºn- Z-f-h- Ip- -d- hn-fw-_-cw- ]p-d-s -Sp-hn- - h -jw U-]yq- n- kv-]o- - cm-pn- -Øv- \ -Ip- -Xm - m-wv- -kv-]o tz-io-b-]-xm-i-bn - H-cp- \n-dw- am-{xap- - cm-pyw- - en-_n-b ti-c-f-øn-te- v- hm-kv-tim- U- Km-a-bpsS- c- mw-h-c-hv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.- Un k-am-[m-\-øn-\p- - s\m-t_ - k-ωm- \w- e-`n- - B-Zy-sØ- A-ta-cn- - {]- kn-u- v- - Xn-tbm-U - dq-kv-sh - v tem-iv-k-`-bp-ss- ]-c-am-h-[n- Aw-K-kw- Jy ( ) kw-l-im-e-tn-c- am-cp-ss- {]-[m-\- Xpd-ap-Jw- - ap-kn-cn-kv P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp-hn-s\- E-Xp-cm-P- F- p-hn-ti-jn- n- -Xv- - Sm-tKm `q-an-bn-te- v- kq-cy-\n -\n- p- Xm-]w- F-Øn-t -cp- -Xv- - hn-in-c-ww- h-gn kq-{x-]n-s-iw- F- n-s\- p-dn- p- {]-Xn-]m- Zn- p- p- - _p- -s - X-Øz-߃ tim- -bv- - B-cy-ssh-Zy-im-e- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - ssh-zy-c-xv-\w- ]n.-f-kv.-hm-cy Nm -hm-i-a-xw- ap-t m- p-h- - ao-amw-k- tem-im-b-x- Z -i-\w kz-x-{ -`m-c-x-øn - B-`y- -c- A-Sn-b- -cm-h-ÿ- {]-Jym-]n- -Xv- F-t mƒ Pq I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS- D-]- m-xm-hv- - sim- m-c- -c-ø-ºp-cm Km-\v-[n-Pn- ]-s -Sp-Ø- B-Zy-sØ- tim- -{K-kv- k-tω-f-\w se- sim - - Ø- k-tω-f-\w ti-c-f-z - -Ww,-tI-c-f- ]-{Xn-I,- a-e-bm-fn- F- o- {]-kn- o-i-c-w-ß-fn - F-gp-Xptºmƒ- si.-cm-a-ir-jv-ww-]n- - D-]-tbm- Kn- n-cp- - Xq-en-Im-\m-aw- - ti-c-f kn-f-.-{io-i-wv-t- \m-b-cp-ss- \m-s-i-{xbw- - km-ti-xw,- e- m-e- v-an,- Im- -\- ko-x kz-x-{ - Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- c- m-a-sø- {]-[m-\-a-{ n- - ]-d-hq - Sn.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W- ]n Im- - Pw-K- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-øm-wv- - kn- nw Im- n-en,- l-cn-si- X-Æo -Ø-Sw- G-Xpkw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv- - ]- m-_v Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap- - Im -jn-i- D -]- ߃- v- \ -Ip- - ap-{z- - A- m - v `q-an-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- Zzo-]-k-aq-lw- - C- sum-\n-jy \n-b-a-k-`-bn - _-Uv-P- v- A-h-X-cn- n- p- -Xv- B-cp-sS- t]-cn-em-wv- -K-h -W tum.-f-kv.-n-{µ-ti-j-dn-\v- sam-t_ - k- Ωm-\w- In- n-b- hn-j-bw- - ^n-kn-iv-kv ti-c-f- Zn-t\-i- _o-un-bp-ss- B-ÿm-\w- - I-Æq Uq- - kv -Iqƒ- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv - -su-dm-uq X-fn-t m- - bp- -Øn-\p-ti-jw- hn-p-b-\- K-cw- k-µ -in- - t]m - p-ko-kv- k- mcn- - ko-k - s{^-u-dn- v N-t{µm-]-cn-X-e-Øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im- W-s -Sp- - aq-e-iw- - Hm-Iv-kn-P- (43%-) P- m-\n - C- y- C- Un-s]- U- kveo-kn-\p- t\-xr-xzw- \ -In-b-Xv- - dm-jv- _nlm-cn- t_m-kv ti-c-f- k - m - I -j-i-zn-\w- B-N-cn- p- -Xv- - Nn-ßw kn- p-im-cp-ss- A- v- A-Sn-ÿm-\- kw-k- Xn-Iƒ- - ti-iw,-i-mv-l,-i-,-i-c,-ir-]m ti-c-f- Jn-em-^-Øv- I-Ωn- n-bp-ss- B-ZysØ- {]-kn-u- v- - Ip- n-t m-b- X-߃ {Lm-W-i- n- D-]-tbm-Kn- v- B-lm-cw- I- s -Øp- - ]- n- -In-hn tz-io-b- Dƒ-\m-S- P-e-K-Xm-K-X- C- Ãn- yq- v- B-ÿm-\w- -]m- v-\ i-x-hm-l-\- am-cp-ss- X-e-ÿm-\w- - {]- Xn-jv-Tm-\w- (tkm-zm-h-co-xo-c-øv-) lyq-h - ]p-c-kv-im-cw- t\-sn-b- B-Zy- C- y- m-c- - F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw ti-c-f- tã- v- tim-hm- -td- o-hv- am - - nw- Kv- s^-u-td-j-s - B-ÿm-\w- - tim-gn- t m-sv B-flo-b- k-`- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - cm- Pm-dmw- tam-l- tdm-bv `-c-w-l-s-\m-\n -am-w-k-`- cq-]-h - -cn- -s - - Xo-b-Xn Un-kw-_ `q-tkm-f-øn-s - F-{X- i-x-am-\-am-wv- Hm- Iv-kn-P K -Ø-߃- v- hym-k-,- hm-ev-ao-in,- tlma - Xp-S-ßn-b- I-hn-I-fp-sS- t]-cv- \ -In-bncn- p- -Xv- G-Xv- {K-l-Øn-em-Wv- - _p-[ km-aq-xn-cn-bp-ss- B-ÿm-\w- - tim-gn- t m-sv kn- p-kw-kv-im-c-im-e-øv- D-]-tbm-Kn- ncp- - en-]n- - Nn-{X-en-]n Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- {]-kn- -am-b- h-\y-po-hnk-t -Xw- - Kn sim- n- cm-pm- - am-cp-ss- In-co-S-[m-c-Ww-

5 \-S- n-cp- - ÿ-ew- - Nn-{X-Iq-Sw sim- n-bn - {]-Pm-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s - cq-]- h-xv-i-c-w-øn-\p- \n -Wm-b-I- ]- p-h-ln- - t\-xm-hv- - hn.-b.- Ir-jv-W-s\-gp-Ø kn-hn - `-c-w-iq-sw- si- n- -Sp- m- i- cn-bm-b- {]m-k-ev-`yw- Im-Wn- - C- y-bnse- B-Zy- ap- nw- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn- - sj - jm tz-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- ho-xn-bp-ss- F-{X- C-c- n-bm-wv- \o-fw- - H- -c ti-c-f-øn-se- D- p-k-xym-{k-l-øn-s - th-zn- - ]-ø- q k-xn- \n -Ø-em- n-b- K-h -W - P-\-d - - hn-eyw- s_- dn-iv a-\p-jy-s - \-s - n-s - i-cm-i-cn- \o-fw A-Sn ti-c-f- k -h-i-em-im-e- tum-iv-s-td- v- \ -In- B-Z-cn- - B-Zy- hy- n- -k-n.-]n.- cm-a-kzm-an- A-ø {]m-no-\-im-e-øv- cm-p-ÿm- {]-tz-iw- A-dn-b-s - n-cp- - t]-cv- - a -ky jv-in-s -dn- F- - cm-py-øn-s - C-t mg-sø- t]-cv- - A -t_-\n-b k-øn-zv- hw-i-øn - Jn-kv-dv- Jm-\p-ti-jw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn - h- -Xv- - ap-_m-d- v- jm ti-c-f- Im -jn-i- k -h-i-em-im-e-bp-ss- B-ÿm-\w- - a-æp-øn X-an-gv-\m- n-se- c- m-a-sø- h-en-b- \-K- cw- -tim-b-º-øq knw-l-øn-s - im-kv-{x-\m-aw- - ]m-s d- en-tbm se- I-W- p-{]-im-cw- ti-c-f-øn-setim - -td-j-\p-i-fp-ss- F-Æw Z -lu-kn- ln -tã-j- G-Xp- kwÿm-\-øm-wv- - ln-am-n - {]-tz-iv ti-c-f-øn-te- -hpw- Ip-Sq-X - Im- n- D - ]m-zn- n- p- - Pn- - - h-b-\m-sv \n- -l-i-c-w- {]-ÿm-\w- Aw- Ko-I-cn- - {]-txy-i- tim- -{K- v- k-tω- f-\w- -I N -a-øn-\p- \n-dw- \ -Ip- - h -W-h-kv- Xp- - sa-em-\n ti-c-f- tã- v- C- Ãn- yq- v- Hm-^v- dq-d - U-h-e-]v-sa- v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - sim- m- c- -c X-e-t»-cn-bn - B-Zy-sØ- Cw- o-jv- kv- Iqƒ- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un X-e-t»-cn-bn - Cw- o-jp-im-cp-ss- ^m-iv- S-dn- ÿm-]n- -Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - -F.-Un X-lv-cn - kv-iz-b - G-Xv- cm-py-øm-wv- - Cu-Pn-]v-Xv Xn-cp- n-d- - n- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm- Wv- -Im-th-cn A-h-km-\-am-bn- am-am- w- \-S- p- F- v- I-cp-X-s -Sp- - h -jw P-\-kw-Jym- hn-kv-t^m-s-\-kn- m- -Øns - D-]- m-xm-hv- - am -Øq-kv Xm-{aw- F- v- kw-kv-ir-x-øn - A-dn-bs -Sp- - tem-lw- -sn-ºv tem-iv-k-`mw-k-߃,- cm-py-k-`mw-k-߃-,-kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`mw-k-߃- F- nh- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - D- - kw-ÿm-\w- - D-Ø -{]-tz-iv l-cn-l-c-s -bpw- _p- - -bpw- Kp-cp- - hn- Zym-c-Wy sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k-`-bn-se- F-{Xm-a-sØ- Aw-K-am-Wv- sam- n-s\-t{km tem-i-hym-]m-c- kw-l-s-\- \n-e-hn - h- - h -jw sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- \n-dw- - \o-e tk-\-hw-i-øn-se- B-Zy- `-c-wm-[n-imcn- - hn-p-b-tk-\ tem-iw- Np- n- bm-{x- sn-bv-x- C- y- \m-hn-i-tk-\-bp-ss- B-Zy-sØ- I- - - sf.-f-.-f-kv.-x-cw-kn-wn Km- n-h-[-t -kn - {]-Xn-I-sf- Xq- nte- n-b- P-bn - - Aw-_m-e- P-bn Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn- ]-g-߃- ]-gp- n- m- D- ]-tbm-kn- p- - am-c-i-am-b- cm-k-h-kv-xp- - Im -ss_-uv k-ap-{z-\n-c- n -\n- pw- Xm-sg-bm-bn- ÿn- Xn- sn-øp- - X-e-ÿm-\- \-K-cw- G-Xpcm-Py-Øn-t -Xm-Wv- - s\-x -e- Uv-kv kn-ep-an- F- - tem-l-k- -c-øn-se- L-S-I-߃- - A-ep-an-\n-bw-,-kn-en tem-iv-k-`m-kv-]o- -dm-b- B-Zy- C-S-Xp- ]- -t\-xm-hv- - tkm-a-\m-yv- Nm- -Pn G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-j-Ifp- - cm-pyw- - Z- n-wm-{^n Um-ap-I-fn-se- P-ew- A-Xn-s - a -Zw- Iq- Sp-X - sn-ep-øp- -Xv- - F- m- Zn-i-I-fn- te- pw X- m-fn- tem-i-øm-zy-am-bn- Ir-jn- snbv-x- {]-tz-iw- - sx-t - A-ta-cn tim-i-øn-s - A-Sp- -f- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- -Xv- - l-cn-x-i-ww G- -hpw- hn-kv-xo -Ww- Iq-Sn-b- h- I-c- - G-jy Xp-Kv-f-Iv- cm-pm- - am-cn - a-x-]-c-am-b- Im-cy-ß-fn - G- -hpw- Xm-Xv-]-cyw- Im- Wn- -Xv- - ^n-tdm-kv- jm- Xp-Kv-f-Iv Xz- n-\pw- tcm-a-øn-\pw- ar-zp-xzw- \ - Ip- - {Zm-h-Iw- - ko-_w `-c-w-l-s-\-bp-ss- F-{Xm-a-sØ- `m-k-ønem-wv- au-en-im-h-im-i-߃- tn -Øncn- p- -Xv tem-i-øv- G- -hpw- h-s- m-bn- ÿn-xn- snøp- - tz-io-tbm-zym-\w- - t\m -Øv- Cu- Ãv- {Ko- em- Uv- \m-j-w - ]m - v \n-b-a-k-`m- ayq-kn-bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw ]m-in-kv-xm-\n-se- G- -hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- \-K-cw- -I-dm- n Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw-pn- -bn - e-b- - k-^mcn- ]m - n-\p- {]-kn- -am-b- ÿ-ew- -s\- øm -Umw tem-i-cm-py-ß-fn - h-ep- -Øn - C- ybp-ss- ÿm-\w O-tµ-e- cm-pm- - am-cp-ss- X-e-ÿm-\w- - J-Pp-cm-tlm P-\-d - ] - -kv- I-Ωn- n- B-sc-bm-Wv- D-]-tZ-in- p- -Xv- -kv-]o U -ln- U -_m - \-S- - h -jw Izn- n- ym-k-a-c-øn-\v- Km- n-pn-sb- A- d-ãp- sn-ø-s - -t mƒ- A-S-bv- -s - - P- bn - - B-Km-Jm- sim- m-cw kn-bm- n- a- p-a-e- G-Xp- kw-ÿm- \-Øv- - P-Ωp- I-ivv-ao kq-cy-\p-np- p-ap- - `q-an-bp-ss- k- m-cw- A-dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - {]-Z- n-ww a-\p-jy-s\- B-Zy-am-bn- N-{µ-\n-se-Øn- - _-ln-cm-im-i-hm-l-\-am-b- A-t m-tfm- -11 hn-t -]n- m- D-]-tbm-Kn- - tdm- - v- - km-t Km- n- k-am-[m-\- k-ωm-\w- B-Zy-am-bne-`n- -Xv- - Pq-en-b-kv- s\-tc-c tem-i-øn-se- H-tc-sbm-cp- Pq-X-cm-jv-{Sw- - C-{k-tb `-c-w-l-s-\-bp-ss- 35mw-t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sSkn- n-an-\v- A-tkm-kn-tb- v- tã- v- ]-Zhn- \ -Ip-I-bpw- ]n- o-sv- 36mw-t`-Z-K-Xnbn-eq-sS- C- y- bq-wn-b-\n-se- H-cp- kwÿm-\-am- p-i-bpw- sn-bv-x-xv- G-Xp- {]- [m-\-a-{ n-bp-ss- Im-e-Øm-Wv- - C-µn-cm- Km- n `m-c-x-c-xv-\w- t\-sn-b- c- m-a-sø- D-]- I-c-W- kw-ko-x- hn-z-kv-z- - D-kv-Xm-Zv- _nkv-an- m-jm a-\p-jy-kv-{xo-bp-ss- ap-e- m-en - P-ew- F-{X- i-x-am-\-am-wv \o-e-bpw- a- -bpw- tn - m - In- p- h -Ww- - ] Nn-d-Ip-I-fn- m-ø- j-uv-]-zw- - aq G-Xv- tim- -{K-kv- k-tω-f-\-am-wv- t\- Xr-Xzw- bp-h-x-e-ap-d-bv- v- ssi-am-dn-b-xv- - em-tlm _o-pm- q-cpw- tkm -sim- -bpw- ap-kƒkm-{am-py-øn-\p- Io-g-S-ßn-b-Xv- B-cp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv- - Hu-dw-K-ko-_v D- p-\n-b-a-sø- B-{I-an- - B-Zy-sØ- tzio-b- t\-xm-hv- - tkm-]m-e-ir-jv-w- tkm- J-se ssl-t m-s-xn- P-Uv-Pn- cm-pn- -Øv- k- a - n- - -Xv- B - m-wv- - {]-kn-u- v ]n-xr-]- -Øn - Xn-aq-dn-s -bpw- am-xr- ]- -Øn - sn- n-jv-jm-s -bpw- ]n- Kman-bm-b- B-{I-a-W-Im-cn- -_m-_ _p- -s - Ip-Xn-c- - Im- -I _u- -{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se- a-lm-`n-\n-jv-{i-a- Ww- F- m-wv- - _p- -s - ]-cn-xym-kw Izn- v- kn -h - F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - sa - p-dn Izn- n- y- k-a-c-øn-s - \m-bn-i- F- dn-b-s - -Xv- - A-cp-W- A-k-^v- A-en \n-co-iz-c-hm-zn-bm-bn-øo - - hn-π-h-imcn- -`-K-Xv- kn-mv kn-hn - k -ho-kv- ]-co- - ]m-km-b- c- m-a-sø- C- ym- m-c- - kp-tc-{µ-\m- Yv- _m-\ -Pn \n-b-a-k-`- ]m-km- p- - \n-b-a-߃- B- cv- H- n-sp- -txm-ss-bm-wv- \n-b-a-am-ip- - Xv- -K-h -W t]m - p-ko-kp-im -s -Xn-sc- bp- m-lzm- \w- \-S-Øn- ssi-jv- ssk-\p-±o- F-gp- Xn-b- {K-Ÿw- - Xp-lv-^-Øp - ap-pm-ln- Zo ssl-z-cm-_m-zn - Nm -an-\m - \n -an- - Xv- - Jp-en- Ip-Xv-Jv- jm tkm-h-sb- tam-nn- n- - ssk-\n-i-\o- w- - Hm- -td-j- hn-p-bv-(1961) k-a-kv-x- ti-c-f- k-tlm-z-c-kw- Lw- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - si.-a-ø k-ω-xn-bp-ss- \n -am-ww- F- - k-ao-]- \-sø- p-dn- v- hn-i-zo-i-cn- - B-[p-\n-I- Nn- -I- - t\mw- tnmw-kv-in P-\-d - C- jp-d- kv- tim - -td-j-s - Io-gn-ep- - 4 k-_v-kn-u-dn- I-º-\n-Iƒ- - \yq- C- y- A-jz-d- kv,- Hm-dn-b- - C- jp-d- kv,- \m-j-w - C- jp-d- kv,- bp-ssw- -Uv- C- y- C- jp-d- kv k - k-ø-zv- A-l-Ω-Zv-Jm- ap-l-ω-z- Bw-t m- Hm-dn-b- - tim-tf-pv- kv-ym-]n- - h -jw F.-sF.-Sn.-bp.-kn.-bp-sS- B-Zy- k- tω-f-\-øn - A-[y- -X- h-ln- -Xv- - emem- e-pv-]-xv-dm-bn Km- n-h-[-t -kn - tkm-uv-sk-tbm-ssm- w- Xq- n-te- -s - -Xv- - \m-cm-b-w- Z-Ømt{X-b- B-]v-sX tim-a- - sh -Øv- sk-bnw-kv- B-cw-`n- - h -jw k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\ -l-\m-b- c- ma-sø- bp.-f-.-sk-{i- -dn- P-\-d - - tim- ^n- A- - (2001) kn-hn - B- m-ew-l-\- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n- - h -jw kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- P-\n- - ÿ-ew- - I- - v Zn- ]n-iv-n - Hm-^v- tum-dn-b- t{k- c-nn- -Xv- - Hm-kv-Im - ssh -Uv ti-c-f-xo-c-sø- I-cn-a-W-en -Im-W-s - Sp- - A-Wp-i- n- {]m-[m-\y-ap- - aq-e- Iw- - txm-dn-bw km-ln-xy- s\m-t_-en-\ -l-\m-b- c- ma-ø- G-jy- m-c- - bm-kp-\m-cn- I-hm- _-Ø- (1968,- P- m- ) jm-p-lm-s - b-ym -Y-t]-cv- - Jp-dw X-an-gv-\m-Sn-s - Xo-c-tZ-iw- A-dn-b-s -Sp- - t]-cv- - sim-d-am- - Xo-cw Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b - ÿm-]n- - \-K-cw- - \-K -]q I-S-en-se- Zq-cw- A-f- m-\p- - G-I-Iw- - t\m- n- - ssa tem-i-tø- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - ^o- - ^nen-ap-iƒ- \n -an- p- - cm-pyw- - C- y {]m-no-\-im-e-øv- Nq -Wn- F- - t]-cn - A-dn-b-s - n-cp- - \-Zn- -s]-cn-bm kn- p-im-cp-ss- hn-ip- -{K-Ÿw- - Kp-cp- {K- Ÿ-km-ln-_v k-xo-jv- [-hm- kv-t]-kv- sk- - F- hn-ss-bm-wv- - {io-l-cn-t m ti-c-f-øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- ]o-t-`q-an- - h-b-\m-sv G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im-ew- `-cn- - {_n- ojv- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn- - hn-iv-tsm-dn-b- dm-wn- ( ) ]- m-b-øv- cm-pv,- \-K-c-]m-en-I- _n- p- Iƒ- cm-py-k-`-bn - ]-cm-p-b-s - -Xv- G- Xv- {]-[m-\-a-{ n-bp-ss- Im-e-Øv- - cm-pohv- Km- n an-dm-jv- bp- -hn-am-\w- \ -Ip- - cm-pyw- - {^m- kv G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - hn-im-kw- {]m-]n- - a- kv-xn-jv-i-ap- - Po-hn- -a-\p-jy G-Xv- U -ln- kp -Øm-s - Im-e-Øm- Wv- dm-wn- ]-Zv-an-\n- Pu-l - A-\p-jv-Tn- -Xv- - A-em-hp-±o- Jn -Pn I-ºn-fn- tcm-aw- D -]m-zn- n- p- -Xn - H- mw- ÿm-\-ap- - cm-pyw- - Hm-kv-t{S-en- b tim-i-øn-\p- n-se- G-I- A-Po-ho-b- L- S-Iw- - t^-\w tn-\-bp-ss- `- y-tbm-ky-am-b- `m-kw- - Im- Wv-Tw tz-io-b- Im-bn-I-Zn-\w- - Hm-K-kv-Xv U- p-im - v- C- y-bn-te- v- h-cm-\m-hiy-am-b- am -K-\n -t±-iw- \ -In-b-k- mcn- - en- tjm Xm - F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- Hm-Sp- -Xv- tpm-[v-]qcn-\pw- G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-\p-an-S-bv- m-wv- - I- dm- n cp-{z-zm-a- ti-sp-]m-sp-iƒ- Xo -Ø- kp- Z -i-\- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-øv- - Kp-P-dm-Øv B-Zy-sØ- Hm-t m-sam-ss_ - \n -an- - Xm-cv- - Imƒ- s_- kv bp.-f-kv.-f.-bn-se- G- -hpw- D-b - ssk-\n-i- _-lp-a-xn- - sa-u - Hm-^v- Hm- W ti-c-f- ap-jy-a-{ n-am-cn - B-Zyw- P-\n- - hy- n- - ]- w- Xm-Wp-]n bq-tdm- n-se- H-tc-sbm-cp- ap- nw- cm-jv- {Sw- - A -t_-\n-b P-kn-b- ]p-\x-ÿm-]n- -(1679)- ap-kƒ- N- {I-h -Øn- - Hu-dw-K-ko-_v Izm-Pm- sam-bv-\p-±o- Nn-Ãn-bp-sS- i-h- Ip-So-cw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - A-Pv-ao Km- n- k-am-[m-\- k-ωm-\-øn-\ -l-\mb- B-Zy-sØ- `m-c-xo-b- - _m-_m- Bw- sx kzo-u-\n -\n- v- th -s]- - cm- Pyw- -t\m -th hn-iv-tsm-dn-bm- sh- - m- w- I-s -Ønb-Xv- - tu-hn-uv- en-hn-mv-ã k-ky-`p- p-iƒ- v- G- -hpw- k-º- -amb- amw-ky- t{km-x- v- - tkm-bm-_o hn-izm-k-{]-ta-b-øn - ]-cm-p-b-s - - C- y- {]-[m-\-a-{ n- - hn.-]n.-kn-mv sam-dm -Pn-bp-sS- A- y-hn-{i-a- ÿ-ew- - A-`-bv-L- v- (A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv-) kn-tbm-wn-ãv- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n- -Xv- - Xn-tbm-U - sl -j kz-x-{ - C- y-bp-ss- {]-Y-a- {]-[m-\-a- { n- - P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp l-km-cm-t -{Xw- \n -an- -Xv- - Ir-jv-W- tz-h-cm-b kz-x-{ - C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ,- {_n-

6 -Wn-te- p- - ssl- -Ωn-j-W - - hn.- si.-ir-jv-w-ta-t\m ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^n-enw- skmssk- n- - Nn-{X-te-J kv-]m-\n-jv- A -am-u-sb- {_n- o-jp-im - ]-cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øn-b- h -jw kq-cy-{k-l-ww- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-h-nn- - imkv-{x- - - B-cy-` ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {Xn-am-\-Nn-{Xw- - ssa- Un-b - Ip- n- m-ø kq-cy-\pw- `q-an-bpw- X-Ωn-ep- - A-I-ew- G- -hpw- Ip-d- - Zn-h-kw- - P-\p-h-cn- 3(s]-cn-lo-en-b- ) kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\- w-l-s-\m- k-a-b-øv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn -\n- v- th -s]-sp-ønb- Xm-eq- p-iƒ- G-Xv- Pn- -bp-ss- `m-k- am-wv- -I-\ym-Ip-am-cn sim- n- a-lm-cm-pm-hv- I-hn-Xn-e-I- ÿm-\w- \ -In-b- m-\-]o-t- tp-xmhv- -Pn.-i- -c- p-dp- v h- -ta-i- k-tω-f-\-øn-te- v- C- y- h-\n-x-i-fp-ss- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- -Wn- -s - -Xv- - k-tcm-pn-\n- \m-bn-up H- mw- kzm-x-{ y- k-a-cw- \-S- - h - jw tem-iv-k-`m- {]-Xn-]- -t\-xm-hm-b- a-ebm-fn- - kn.-fw.-ão-^ kz- w- Aw-K-c- -I-cm-b- c- p-kn- p-imcm - h-[n- -s - - (_n-bm- v- kn-mpw- k- Xv-h- v- kn-mpw-)- C- y- {]-[m-\-a-{ n- - C-µn-cm-Km- n-(1984 H-Iv-tSm-_ - 31) sd-uv-t{im-kv- skm-ssk- n-bp-ss- ÿm- ]-I- - sl- dn- Up-\m- v se-\n-\p-ti-jw- tkm-hn-b- v- bq-wn-b- \n - A-[n-Im-c-Øn - h- -Xv- - tpm-k- ^v- Ãm-en Km- m-cw- F- -dn-b-s - n-cp- - {]-tz-iw- C-t mƒ- G-Xp- cm-py-øm-wv- - A-^v-Km- \n-kv-xm km-ln-xy-øn-\p- - s\m-t_ - k-ωm- \w- B-Zy-am-bn- t\-sn-b-xv- - k- n- {]p- t[mw tem-i-sø- B-Zy-sØ- ap- nw- h-\n-xm- _-ln-cm-im-i- hn-t\m-z-k- m-cn- - A-\utj- A- km-cn km-ln-xy-{]-h -Ø-I- k-l-i-c-w-kw- L-Øn-s - B-Zy-sØ- sk-{i- -dn- - Imcq - \o-e-i-wv-t- n thƒ-uv- ssh-uv- sh-_n-s - D-]- m- Xm-hv- - Snw- s_ -tw-gv-kv- eo k-ap-{z-xo-c-an- m-ø-xpw- ti-c-f-øn-se- Pn- -I-fp-am-bn- am-{xw- A-Xn -Øn- ]- n- Sp- -Xp-am-b- Pn- - - tim- -bw j-uv-im-e- tkm-hn-µ- am-cm - P-\n- - ÿ- ew- - cm-a-aw-k-ew H- -I-Øn-s - i-cm-i-cn- B-bp- v h -jw Rm- ]-e- kn- - am-tc-bpw- a-l -jnam-tc-bpw- I- n- p- v.- F- m - \m-cmb-w-kp-cp-hn-s\- mƒ- an-i- -txm- A-t±l-Øn-\p- Xp-ey-t\m- B-b- H-cp- a-lmflm-hn-s\- F-ßpw- I- n- n-.- B-cp-tS- Xm-Wv- Cu- hm- p-iƒ- - Sm-tKm sim- - - sd-bn -th- \n-e-hn - h- h -jw kw-tqm-x- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- U -ln-sb- G-Xp- \-K-c-hp-am-bn- m-wv- _- n- n- p- -Xv- - em-tlm s\ -k- - a-t -e- F-{X- h -j-sø- P-bn - hm-k-øn-\p-ti-j-am-wv tam-nn-x-\m-b-xv G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - hym-h-km-bn-i- ]ptcm-k-xn- B -Pn- - sx-t - A-ta-cn- - cm-pyw- - {_-ko Iyq-Wn-t^mw- en-]n- B-Zy-am-bn- hym-jym- \n- -Xv- - sl- dn- tdm-fn- k- - (1835) tem-i-am-\y- F- -dn-b-s - - t\-xm-hv- - _m-ew-kw-km-[-c- Xn-e-I G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im -_- - U-tbm- Iv-ssk-Uv- ]p-d- - p- - cm-pyw- - bp.- F-kv.-F A-h-km-\-sØ- au-cy-cm-pm-hv- -{_-l-{z- Y k-xym -Y-{]-Im-iw- c-nn- -Xv- - Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-xn ku-c-bq-y-øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- ] - h-xw- - au- v- H-fn-º-kv- (snm- -) G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im- p-ho-ip- - h- I- c- -A- m - n G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im-em-h-[n-bp- m-bncp- - tem-iv-k-`- - A- mw- tem-iv-k-` k-ky-tim-i-`n-øn- \n -an- n-cn- p- - ]- Zm -Yw- - sk- p-tem-kv kn-dn-b-bp-ss- `m-k-am-bn-cp- - tkm-em- Ip- p-iƒ- G-Xv- cm-py-am-wv ]n- Sn- -S- n-b-xv- -C-{k-tb Kp-P-dm-Øv- `q-i-º-øn-s - ]- m-ø-e- Øn - C-d-ßn-b- a-e-bm-f- kn-\n-a- - Im-gv -N P -a-\n-bp-ss- tz-io-b- hn-am-\- k -hokv- - ep-^v-øm- k s\m-t_ - k-ωm-\w- ]- n- - B-Zy- Z-º- Xn-am - - ]n-b-dn- Iyq-dn-bpw- ta-cn- Iyq-dnbpw- (1903,-^n-kn-Iv-kv-) sim- -Wn- G-Xv- `m-jm-tkm-{x-øn-se- `mj-bm-wv- - C-t m- B-cy t]m-tãm-^o-kv- ap-tj-\- h-kv-xp- \n-ip- Xn- A-S-bv- p- -Xn-\v- ku-i-cyw- G -s - Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- C- y- kw-ÿm-\w- - ti-c-fw ta-[m- ]-Sv-I - ÿm-]n- - cm-jv-{so-b- ]m - n- - ]o- nƒ-kv- s]m-fn- n- - {^- v tem-i-tø- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - Im- n- D - ]m-zn- n- p- - cm-pyw- - {_-ko ti-{µ- km-ln-xy- A- m-z-an- A-hm -Uvt\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- - B.-\m-cm-b- W- -Wn- -(1955) ti-c-f- A-t{Km- sa-jo-\-dn- tim - -tdj-s - B-ÿm-\w- - A-Øm-Wn tx- n- Im-Sv- ssa-xm-\w- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - Xr-»q k-lm-dm- a-cp-`q-an- G-Xp- `q-j-wv-u-øn - - B-{^n sim- n - k- n- t]m-se- `m-k-ap- - ]- n- - s]-en Nu-cn- -Nu-cm- kw-`-hw- \-S- - h -jw ti-c-f- tã- v- sse-{_-dn- Iu- -kn-ens - B-Zy- sk-{i- -dn- - sf.-hn.-zm-kv Nu-lm- hw-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- {]-i-kv- X-\m-b- cm-pm-hv- - ]r-yzn-cm-pv- Nu-lm sss-^q- - D-jv-W-N-{I-hm-Xw- F-hn-sSbm-Wv- ho-ip- -Xv- - ssn-\ k - m-cn-b- I-Ωn-j- F- n-s\- - n-bm- Wv- ]-T-\w- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- - ti-{µ- kw-ÿm- \- _- -߃ k - kn.-]n.-cm-a-kzm-an- A-ø - cm-pn- h- t mƒ- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn - H-^o-tjy- n-mv- Zn-hm-\m-b-Xv- - ]n.-pn.-f-.-d-æn-øm tem-i-sø- B-Zy-sØ- hn-zym-`ym-k- D- ]-{K-lw- - F-Uyp-km- v cq-]w-sim- - ti-{µ- e-pn-t - ohv- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- B-Zy- kv-]o- -dm-bncp- -Xv- -k - {^-U-dn-Iv- ssh- v K- -sa- -en-se- L-S-I- tem-l-߃- sn-ºv,- kn- v,- Sn tem-i-øn-se- sa-un- - kn- n- F- dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - hn-b th-wm-sp- cm-pm- - am-cp-ts-xm-bn- e-`n- n- p- - B-Zy-sØ- im-k-\w- - X-cn-km- - n- sn-t -Sp-Iƒ tem-i-sø- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-xm-{]-kn-u- m-b- C-k-s_ - s]-tdm- - G-Xp-cm- Py-Øm-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-Øn - h- -Xv- - A -P- o-\ k-ly-s - a-i- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - B-\ sim - -Ø-bn-se- kp-`m-jv-n-{µ-t_mkv- F-b -t]m - n-s - ]-g-b-t]-cv- - Uw- Uw- F-b -t]m - v k-zv-`m-h-\m-zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn- p- -Xv- cm-po-hv-km- n-bp-ss- P- -Zn-\w {]-kn-u- m-bn- Xn-c-s -Sp- -s - - B- Zy-sØ- kz-x-{ - kv-ym-\m -Yn- - tum.- cm-[m-ir-jv-w U- m- -{]-tz-iw- B-Zy-am-bn- B-{I-an- - ap- nw- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn- - A-em-hp-±o- Jn -Pn ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]p-i-bn-e- hncp- -Pn- - - tim- -bw th-ep-ø-ºn- Z-f-h- P-\n- - ÿ-ew- - X- e- p-fw- (hn-f-h- tim-sv- Xm-eq- v-) {]m-no-\-im-e-øv- A-Iv-kn-\n- F- -dn-bs - n-cp- - \-Zn- - Nn-\m-_v tem-iv- \m-b-iv- P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b- hn-am-\-øm-h-fw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - ]m- v-\ s\m-t_ - k-ωm-\w- G -s -Sp-Øn-b- B -{^-Uv- s\m-t_ - G-Xp- cm-py- mc-\m-bn-cp- p- - kzo-u kp-x- n-c- s]-cp-ssa- F- - I-hn-Xm- k- am-lm-cw- c-nn- -Xv- - kp-{_-a-wy- `m-c-xn Kp-en-kv-Ym- sim- m-cw- G-Xp- cm-py-øm- Wv- - C-dm ti-c-f-øn - H-cp- sd-bn -th- tã-j- am-{x-ap- - Pn- - - ]-Ø-\w-Xn Im- p-i-gp-x-i-fp-ss- h-\y-ar-k-kw-c- -WtI-{µw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - Kp-P-dm-Øv I-Sp-h-bv- p-ap-ºv- C- y-bp-ss- tz-io-bar-kw- - knw-lw A-h-km-\-sØ- t]-jzm- `-c-wm-[n-im-cn- - _m-pn-dm-hp- c- m-a- ( ) h - -e- I-S- p-dw- G-Xp-t]-cn - A-dn- b-s -Sp- p- -]m-]-\m-iw H- mw- h- -ta-i- k-tω-f-\w- \-S- ptºmƒ- ssh-t{km-bn- - C -hn- {]-`p ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- cm-k-h-f- \n - am-w-im-e- - F-^v.-F.-kn.-Sn tem-i-øv- {]-[m-\-a-{ n-]-z-øn-se-ønb- c- m-a-sø- h-\n-x- - C-µn-cm-Km- n ti-{µ- [-\-a-{ n-bm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- tpm- - a-øm-bn kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- tim- -{K-kv- {]- kn-u- m-bn-cn-s -(1938)- cq-]-h-xv-i-cn- tz-io-bm-kq-{x-w-k-an-xn-bp-ss- A-[y- - - P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp sim- n-bn - t]m - p-ko-kv- tim- -bp-ssin-em-kv-ym-]-\w- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.- Un th-cp-iƒ- h-en-s -Sp- p- - P-ew- C-e- I-fn - F-Øn- p- - k-ky-i-e-iƒ- - ssk-ew kp -Øm-\- d-kn-b-sb- hn-hm-lw- I-gn- -Xv- - A -Øp-\n-b tem-iv-k-`-bn - ap-jy-{]-xn-]- -am-bn- p- - {]-tz-in-i- I- n- - sx-ep- p-tz-iw X-]m - Ãm-ºn-s - D-]- m-xm-hv- - tdmf- v- ln tem-i-sø- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-xm- B-Iv- Sn-Mv- {]-kn-u- v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn -h- cm-pyw- - aw-tkm-fn-b _p- -\pw- _p- -[ -a-hpw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xmcv- - Aw-t_-Zv-I ti-c-f-øn - Ir-jn-sN-øp- - Hu-j-[-Kp- W-ap- - s\- n-\w- - \-h-c {_n- n-jp-im-cpw- {^- p-im-cpw- C- y- a-æn -\-S- - kw-l -j-øn-\v- G-Xv- k- n- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- Xn-c-»o-e- ho-w-xv- - ]m-cn-kv Ip-im-\- am - F-hn-sS-\n- p-am-wv- C- y-bn - h- -Xv- - D-Ø-c- a-t[y-jy k-ap-{z-kp-]v-x-s\- C- y- s\-t m-fn-b- F- p- hn-ti-jn- n- -Xv- - hn- sk- v- F.-kv-an-Øv Kn -_ - v- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- G-Xv- k-ap-{z-ønem-wv- -]-k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw kn p- hy-h-km-b-øn-\p- {]-kn- -amb- X-an-gv-\m- n-se- ÿ-ew- - Im- o-]p-cw P- m-s - ]n- v-kv-_ -Kv- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - \-K-cw- - bp-hm P-e-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- L- S-Iw- - ]-k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw t\m-{x-umw- I-Øo-{U - G-Xv- cm-py-øv- - {^m- kv ti-c-f- tkm-]v-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - tim- gn-t m-sv ti-c-f-øn - \m-^v-x- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- {]- h -Øn- p- - B-Zy- Xm-]-\n-e-bw- -Im- bw-ip-fw ti-c-f-øn-s - km-aq-ln-i- cw-k-øv- {]m- [m-\y-a -ln- p- - I-f-cn- -b- p-i-sf- pdn- v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn- p- - ]m- p-iƒ- G-Xv- h-s- - ]m- p-iƒ txm- w-]m- p-i-fp-ss- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-bkw-L-Im-e- Ir-Xn- - Nn-e- -Xn-Im-cw Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn - Ir-jn- h-ip- v- B- cw-`n- -Xv- G-Xv- cm-pm-hn-s - Im-e-Øm- Wv- - {io-aq-ew- Xn-cp-\mƒ Xp-Wn-Ø-c-ß-fp-am-bn- _- -s - - Imen-t m- ss-iv-ssã - ayq-kn-bw- F-hnsS-bm-Wv- - A-l-Ω-Zm-_-Zv ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^v-f-bn-mv- - _v- - Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw tk-\- am-cp-ss- X-e-ÿm-\w- - \m-zn-b tem-i-øv- G-sX- n-ep-sam-cp- cm-py-øv- {]-kn-u- m-b- B-Zy-h-\n-X- - a-cn-b- F- sã- - s]-tdm {^- p- hn-π-h-im-e-øv- _m-ssã - P- bn - X-I - -s - - h -jw {]-Xo-lm-c-hw-i-Øn-se- G- -hpw- a-lm- \m-b- cm-pm-hv- - t`m-p i-x-hm-l-\-\- am-cp-ss- i- n- ti-{µ-ambn-cp- - ss]-xm- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-øv- - a-lm-cm-jv-{s bq-tdm- n - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - ap- n-ßfp- - cm-pyw- - {^m- kv _o-pm- q-cn-se- A-^v-k -Jm-s\- ]-cm- P-b-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv- - in-h-pn Im -]m-øn-b- a-e-\n-c-iƒ- G-Xv- h- I-c-bn-em-Wv- - bq-tdm- v Im - p-te- - I- p-]n-sn- -Xv- - ]m- kv-i cm-p-ÿm- I-\m - C-t mƒ- B-cp-sSt]-cn - A-dn-b-s -Sp- p- - C-µn-cm-Km- n _p- -a-x- cm-py-ß-fp- - G-I- h- I-c- -G-jy kn- p-im-cp-ss- ssk-\n-i- kw-l-s-\-bmb- J -k-bv- p- cq-]w- \ -In-b-Xv- - tkmhn-µv- kn-mv kw-ÿm-\-øv- A-t m -Wn- P-\-d-en-\pk-am-\-am-b- ]-Z-hn- - A-Uz-t - v- P-\-d em - _m-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - _mw- q em -_-l-zq - im-kv-{xn- ^p-sv-t_mƒ- kvt -Un-bw- B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in - F-hn-sSbm-Wv- ssl-z-cm-_m-zv tem-iv-k-`-bn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - ko- p-iƒ-t\-sn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dn-b- t\- Xm-hv- - -cm-po-hv-km- n ti-c-f-øn - G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - a-g- e- `n- p- - am-kw- - Pq-sse sn- p-cp-wn- h-\y-po-hn-k-t -Xw- G-Xv- Pn- -bn - - sim- w C- -^m-iv-kv- F-hn-S-sØ- hm -Øm- G- P- kn-bm-wv- - d-jy kn- lp-h- F-hn-S-sØ- hm -Øm- G-P- kn-bm-wv- - ssn-\ em -hm- L- -Øn - ssew-kn-i- ]-Iz-X-

7 {]-I-S-am- p- - {]-Xn-`m-kw- - \yq- -Wn H- -I-Øn-s - tcm-aw- sim- p- - D -]- -߃- p- {]-kn- -am-b- ÿ-ew- - _n- m-\o I-kv-Xq -_m- Km- n- A- -cn- -Xv (s^-{_p-h-cn- 22) Im -hn-\n-kw- ]n-d-hn-sim- - h- I-c- - bq-tdm- v H- m-a-sø- ]-g-»n-hn-π-hw- G-Xv- h -j- Øn - - F.-Un hƒ- -ss\-tk-j- \-S-Øp-tºmƒ- d- dn - tn - p- -Xv- - K- -Iw- (kƒ-^ -) G-Xv- cm-py-sø- cm-jv-{so-b- I- n-bm- Wv- ]o- nƒ-kv- A-e-b- kv- t^m - U- tam-{i-kn- - Xm-bv-e- Uv am-xw-k-zn-hm-i-c- F- - N-Wv-Um-e-Ihn-sb- t{]m -km-ln- n- - cm-pm-hv- - l - j Sn- Sn- Im - q- - I-Ym-]m-{Xw- B-Zyw- {]-Xy- -s - - cm-pyw- - s_ -Pn-bw A-Iv-_ X-s - km-{am-pyw- F- {X- kp-_-i-fm-bn- hn-`-pn- p {]-Xn-am-\m-S-Iw- c-nn- -Xm-cv- - `m-k Im -_- - {I-Un- v- G-Xp-am-bn- _- - s - n-cn- p- p- - B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\w {]-Xn-lm-c-hw-i-Øn-s - im-j- amƒ-hbn - D- -bn-\n- X-e-ÿm-\-am- n- kv- Ym-]n- -Xv- - \m-k-`- - H- m-a k -Zm - ]-t - ayq-kn-bw- F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- -kq-d-øv knw-lm-k-\m-tcm-l-ww- sn-bv-x-t mƒ- Hu-dw-K-ko-_v- kzo-i-cn- - t]-cv- - B-ew- Ko - (tem-iw- Io-g-S- n-b-bmƒ-) hn-p-b-\-k-c-øn-s - hm- -eq- F- -dn-bs -Sp- - bp- w- - X-fn-t m- - bp- w tem-iv-k-`- Xn-c-s -Sp- n - thm- p-snbv-x- B-Zy- {]-kn-u- v- - si.-b.-\mcm-b-w- (1998) hn-iz-z -i-\w- c-nn- -Xm-cv- Pn.-i- -c- p- dp- v Kw-K- -{_- -]p-{x- ]-Xn- p- - k-ap-{zw- -C- y- a-lm-k-ap-{zw kw-l-im-e-ir-xn-iƒ- c-nn- -s - - `mj- - X-an-gv tem-iv-k-`m- su-]yq- n- kv-]o- - cm-pn- -Øv- \ -ti- -Xv- - kv-]o- - v hn-j G-Xv- kw-l-s-\-bp-am-bn- _- -s - n-cn- p- p- - B-kn-b kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\- w-l-s-\m- I-Ωn-j- sn-b -am- - ^-k - A-en C- y-sb- I-s -Ø -(1946),-H-c- - a- Iƒ- -b- - I-Øp-Iƒ- F- n-h- c-nn- - Xv- - P-hm-l -em - s\-{lp a-lm-flm-km- n- ti-c-f-øn-se- H-cp- B- Zn-hm-kn- hn-`m-k-sø- p-dn- v- H-cp- te- J-\w- b-mv- C- y-bn - F-gp-Xn-bn- p- v.- G-Xv- hn-`m-k-sø- p-dn- v- - \m-bm-sn-iƒ ti-c-f-øn-se- Z- n-w-im-in-sb- -dn-bs -Sp- -Xv- - Xn-cp-s\- n kp-{]ow- tim-s-xn-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-ebm-fn- P-Uv-Pn- - ]m-d- p-f-ß-c- tkm-hn- µ-ta-t\m ti-c-f-øn - ]p -ssø-e- K-th-j-WtI-{µw- ÿn-xn-sn-øp- -Xv- - Hm-S- m-en sam-wm-en-k- F- - s]-bn- n-mv- C- t mƒ- kq- n- n-cn- p- - eq-hv-cv- ayq-knbw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - ]m-co-kv hn-{i-am-zn-xy- k-z- n-se- \-h-c-xv-\-߃- - [-\z- -cn,- -]-W-I-,-A-a-c-kn-l-,- i- p,-th-xm-f-`- n,-l-s-i - -c-,- Im-fn-Zm- k-,-h-cm-l-an-ln-c-,-h-c-cp-nn sd-s\- Z- m -sø-bp-am-bn- _- -s - - Zm -i-\n-i- {]-ÿm-\w- - kv-si-]v- n-kn- kw F- m- thm- -am - pw- Xn-cn- -dn-b - Im -Uv- hn-x-c-ww- sn-bv-x- B-Zy- kwÿm-\w- - l-cn-bm-\ `q-an-bn - Po-h- \n-e-\n - p- - `m-kw- - _-tbm-kv-^n-b hn-iz-\m-y- B-\-µv- G-Xp-am-bn- _- - s - n-cn- p- p- - sn-kv ti-c-f-øn - a-[y-x-sw- G- -hpw- Ip-d-hp- - Pn- - - C-Sp- n kp-{]ow- tim-s-xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-b- B- Zy- ap- nw- - Fw.-ln-Zm-b-Øp ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d- - ]m - vkm-ym-]n-x-am-b- ÿ-ew- - sf-cm-]p-cw km-ln-xy- {]-h -Ø-I- k-l-i-c-w-kw- Lw- cq-]w-sim- - h -jw tnm-f- am-cm - ]-cm-pn-x-\m- -s - -Xns\-Øp-S - v Xpw-K-`-{Zm-\-Znbn - m-sn- B-fl-l-Xy- sn-bv-x- Nm-eq- Iy- cm-pm-hv- - tkm-ta-iz-c- H- m-a ]-søm- ]-Xmw- \q- m- n-s - A-h-km- \-Øn - s]m-xp-]-wn-ap-s- v- F- - B- i-bw- D-cp-Øn-cn- -Xv- G-Xv- cm-py-øv- - {_n tem-i-sø- G- -hpw- h-en-b- D-jv-W-ta- J-em- a-g- m-sp-iƒ- G-Xv- h- I-c-bn - - sx-t - A-ta-cn B-a-tkm- - I-gn- m - tem-i-sø- G- -hpw- h-en-b- D-jv-W-ta-J-em- a-g- m- Sp-Iƒ- G-Xv- \-Zo-X-S-Øn-em-Wv- - timw- tkm U -ln-bn - ln-µp-ÿm- sssw-kv- F- - ]-{Xw- B-cw-`n- - ti-c-fo-b- - k - Zm - si.-fw.-]-wn- -ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-_-ssd-kv-uv- tdm-uv- - tim- -bw- -Ip-a-fn kn-bm -tim- v- F- - \-K-c-Øn-s - ]-gb-t]-cv- - im-i-e Im -Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ- ([ -a-cm-pm-hv-)- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn - A-[n-Im-c-Øn - h- - Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un Im - q-wp-i-fp-ss- cm-pm-hv- - hn-eyw- Ão- Kv H- m-a-sø- _p- -a-x-k-tω-f-\w- \-S- ÿ-ew- - cm-p-kr-lw ti-c-f-øn-se- G- -hpw- B-gw-Iq-Sn-b- kzm- `m-hn-i- Xp-d-ap-Jw- - hn-gn- w s\-t m-fn-b- P-\n- -h -jw k-±mw- lp-ssk- G-Xv- ]m - n-bp-ss- t\- Xm-hm-bn-cp- p- - _m-øv- ]m - n C- y- C- Ãn- yq- v- Hm-^v- C-t m-f- Pn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -]p-xp-t -cn Xm-jv-sI- v- C-t mƒ- G-Xp- cm-py-øv- - D-kv-_- n-ÿm C- y-bn - {^- p-`m-j- kw-km-cn- -s - Sp- - ti-{µ-`-c-w-{]-tz-iw- -]p-xp-t -cn sn-dn-b- a- - F- -dn-b-s -Sp-,- ti-c-f- Øn-se- ÿ-ew- - s]m- m-\n C- y-bn - spm-hm- Hm-^v- B - v- kv- Iz-b - F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -]p-xp-t -cn sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k-`- a-\p-jym-h-im-i- {]- Jym-]-\w- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- F-hn-sS- \-S- k-tω-f-\-øn-em-wv- - ]m-co-kv ]-cn-wm-a- kn- m- -Øn-s - D-]- m- Xm-hv- -Nmƒ-kv- Um -hn _p- -s - am-xm-hv- - a-lm-am-b Im-_qƒ- B-ÿm-\-am- n- ÿm-]n- - kz- X-{ - `m-c-x- k - m-cn - hn-tz-i-im-cyh-ip- p-a-{ n-bm-bn- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-tn- - Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-c-øp-im-c- - sn-º-i-cma- ]n k-a-b-øn-s - F-kv.-sF.-bq-Wn- v- - sk- - v Izn- n- ym-k-a-c-hn-fw-_-cw- \-S- - ssa- Xm-\w- - t_mw-s_-bn-se- tkm-hm-en-b- Sm- v-( C-t mƒ- Hm-K-kv-Xv- {Im- n- ssa- Xm-\w-) k-bmw- F- -dn-b-s - n-cp- - cm-pyw- -Xm- bv-e- Uv X-an-gv-\m- n - D- p- k-xym-{k-l-øn-s - (1930)- th-zn- -th-zm-c-wyw- I-S- p-dw sim- n- ta-p - Xp-d-ap-J-am-b- h -jw ]q -W-am-bpw- C- y-bn - \n -an- - B- Zy- I- -em-b- P-e- D-j ]p-d-ønd- n-b-xv- F-hn-sS-h- m-wv- - hn-im-j-]- -Ww ti-c-f-øn-se- h- w-i-fn-i-fn - G- -hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- {Sm- v- D- -Xv- - ]m-bn- m- Sv- h- w-i-fn U -ln-bn-se- P- - a- - H-cp-...- B-Wv- - hm-\-\n-co- -W-tI-{µw tem-iv-k-`-bn -/- \n-b-a-k-`-bn - Im-Ãnw- Kv- thm- v- {]-tbm-kn- m- A-[n-Im-c-ap- -Xm - m-wv- -kv-]o kpw-k-hw-i-øn-\p-ti-jw- `-c-w-ta- - cm- P-hw-iw- - I-Wz-hw-iw ]m-e- km-{am-pyw- \n-e-\n- n-cp- - {]-tziw- - _w-kmƒ `-c-w-l-s-\-bp-ss- 73mw- t`-z-k-xn- F-{Xma-sØ- `m-k-øm-wv- Dƒ-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xv tem-i-øm-zy-am-bn- ap- nw- h-\n-x- A-[n- Im-c-Øn -h- - cm-pyw- - ]m-in-kv-xm {]-i-kv-x- `u-xn-i- im-kv-{x- - C.- kn.-pn.- kp-z -i- P-\n- - kw-ÿm-\w- - ti-c-fw _m-jv-]o-i-c-w- eo-\- Xm-]w- G- -hpw- Iq-Sn-b- {Zm-h-Iw- - P-ew km-]v-xn- F- - \n-ip-xn- k-{º-zm-bw- B- hn-jv-i-cn- -Xv- - -A-Iv-_ -k-ky-ß-fpss- h-f - - A-f- m- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - D-]-I-c-Ww- - s{i-kv-tim-{km-^v `m-c-x-c-xv-\w- tp-xm- -fn - G- -hpw- Iq- Sp-X - Im-ew- Po-hn- n-cp- -Xv- - Un.-sI.- Im -th X- -t»-cn- sse- v- lu-kv- \n -an- -s - - h -jw k-a-cm-{x-{x-zn-\-߃- G-sX- mw- - am - v- 21,- sk-]v-xw-_ Xm-Pv-a-l-en-s - {]-[m-\- i -]n- - D-kv- Xm-Zv- C-k Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - N-cn-{X-hp-am-bn- _- - s - - A-Ω- n-πm-hn-s - A-h-in-jvv-S-߃- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- Im-Wm- I-gn-bp- -Xv- - s\-øm- n- I-c G-Xv- cm-py-øn-\m-wv- am-\p-jn-i- ]-cn- K-W-\-bp-sS- t]-cn - C- y- Xo- _n- K- tim-dn-tum - hn- p-sim-sp-ø-xv- - _w- m-tz-iv th-zmw-k-߃- F-{X-sb-Æw sk- v- sl-eo-\- G-Xv- k-ap-{z-øn-em- Wv- - Z- n-w- A-Xv-em- n-iv sim- n- I- - \n -am-w-im-e-bn - \n - an- - B-Zy-sØ- I- - - dm-wn- ]-fln- \n Sm - w- ]u-u-dn-e-s-ßn-bn-cn- p- - {]- [m-\- cm-k-h-kv-xp- - ssl-t{u- -Uv- a- o-jyw- kn-en-t - v F-hn-S-sØ- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m - n-bp-ss- ap- J-]-{X-am-Wv- {Km- a- -Iyq-_ ti-c-f-øn-se- {K-Ÿ-im-em- {]-ÿm-\- Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn- -Xv- - ]n-f- ]-Wn sa-un- -td-\n-b-s - Zzo-]-kv-Xw-`w- F- dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - kv-t{smw-t_m-fn- sim-spap-sn ti-c-f-øn-s - X-\-Xm-b- ]-ip-hn-\w- - sh- q kn- n- Hm-^v- ^m-j- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- - ]m-co-kv sam-km - v- G-Xp- cm-py- m-c-\m-bn-cp- p- - Hm-kv-{Sn-b `q-an-bn-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- A- n- ] - h-xw- - tam-w- tem-h se- a-e-_m - e-l-f- \-bn- - ]-Wv- Un-X- - B-en- ap-k-en-bm sk- _p- -a-x-hn-`m-kw- G-Xp- cm-py- Øm-Wv- D-Zv-`-hn- -Xv- - ssn-\ th-z-ß-fn - G- -hpw- A-h-km-\-tØ-Xv- - A-Y -hw sk-dn-s^-uv- G-Xp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s - n-cn- p- p- - ]- p-\q - hy-h-km-bw B-Zy-am-bn- `m-c-x-c-xv-\w- _-lp-a-xn- v- A -l-\m-b-xv- - kn.-cm-p-tkm-]m-em-nm-cn C- y-bn - Sm- v- D -]m-zn- n- p- -Xv- F- hn-ss-bm-wv- - B-h-Un ti-c-f- ap-jy-a-{ n-am-cn - C-cp-]-Xmw- \q- m- n - P-\n- - B-Zy-sØ- hy- n- - B.-i A-tam-Wn-b- \n -am-w-øn-\p-]-tbm-kn- p- - D -t{]-c-iw- - C-cp-ºv sp.-si.-du-fn-mv- G-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- tem- I-{]-kn- n- t\-sn-b-xv- - lm-cn- t]m- - ko- co-kv ti-c-f-øn-se- h- w-i-fn-i-fp-ss- ko-k- - B-cw-`n- p- - h- w-i-fn- - N-º- pfw- aq-ew em- n- `m-j-bn - Ip-{]w- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- - tem-lw- -sn-ºv H- mw- `u-a- D- -tim-sn- G-Xp- h -j-am- Wv- \-S- -Xv Nm-]-ey-ta- \n-s - t]-tcm- kv-{xo- B-cpsS- c-n-\-bn-em-wv- C-{]-Im-c-ap- -Xv- - tj-iv-kv-]n-b k- - - c- -Zm-\-Zn-\w- - H-Iv-tSm-_ sp -tkm- - sh- - m- -Øn-s - a-s m-cpt]-cv- - tpm-kv- sh- - m- w No- - ap- -bp-ss- K- -ap- - hm-x-iw- ssl-{u-p- kƒ-ss^-uv Np-Æm-ºv- sh- -sø- ]m - \n-d-am- p- - hm-x-iw- - Im -_- - ssu- Hm-Iv- ssk-uv sp- v- F- P-\p-I-fn - {]-[m-\- C- -\- am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - a-sæ-æ-bp-ssh-i-t`-zw- - ]m-c-^n Nq-Sm- p-tºmƒ- \-jv-s-s -Sp- - hn- m-an- - hn- m-an- kn Sm -k- F- - I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ- kr-jv- Sn- -Xv- - F-Uv-Km - ssd-kv- _-tdm-kv sim- n-bn - A-Sn-a-Iƒ- v- kzm-x-{ ywe-`n- -Xv- G-Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un P-lmw-Ko - A- -cn- - h -jw P- m-\n-se- G- -hpw- h-en-b- Zzo-]v- - tlm- jp ]- n-i-fp-ss- h- I-c- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - Xv- - sx-t - A-ta-cn tem-i-n-cn-{x-øn - am-xm-hpw- ap-ø- - \pw- {]-[m-\-a-{ n-bm-bn-cp- - G-I-{]-[m- \-a-{ n- - cm-po-hv-km- n sk-t^m-f-pn- F- p-am-bn- _- -s - - ]- T-\-am-Wv- - C-e Ip-fp,- a-wm-en,-u -lu-kn- F- o- kp- J-hm-k-tI-{µ-߃- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\- Øm-Wv- - ln-am-n - {]-tz-iv kp-h -W-t -{Xw- \n -an- -Xv- - A -Pp- tz-hv sn-dp-i-y-bv- v- B-Zy-am-bn- h-b-em - A- hm -Uv- t\-sn-b-xv- - Sn.-]-fl-\m-` P- p- -fp-ss-bpw- k-ky-ß-fp-ss-bpw- cq- ]-sø- p-dn- p- - ]-T-\w- - tam -t^m- f-pn sn-t m-,- Zn-hm- C- J-kv,- U -ln-bnse- Pm-am- a-kv-pn-zv,- tam- n- a-kv-pn-zv- F- n-h- \n -an- -Xv- - jm-p-lm P- p-im-kv-{x-øn-s - ]n-xm-hv- - A-cn- tãm- n ss\-{sn-iv- B-kn-Un- -bpw- ssl-t{umt m-dn-iv- B-kn-Un-s -bpw- an-{in-xw- - A-

8 Izm-do-Pn-b tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- ]-g- -ap- - tx- p-txm- w- - \n-e-ºq-cn-se- sim-t\m-en- tπm- v Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - - sim- n- D-S-º-Sn- G- Xv- h -j-øn - - F.-Un X-an-gv-\m- n-se- G- -hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- {]-Xn-a- -I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn-se- Xn-cp-h- ph - {]-Xn-a- (133 A-Sn-) Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - tã- v- am-\z - c-nn- - Xv- - hn.-\m-k-a-ø Xm-Pv-a-l - G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm- Wv- -b-ap-\-pv-rm-\-]o-tw- t\-sn-b- c- ma-sø- X-an-gv- km-ln-xy-im-c- -Un.-P-b- Im Pw-j-Uv-]q - G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm- Wv- - kp-h -W-tc-J kz-x-{ - C- y-bn - tem-iv-k-`-bn-te- v- \-S- - s]m-xp- Xn-c-s -Sp- n - F- {X- ko- p-i-fm-wv- tim- -{K-kn-\p- e-`n- -Xv Kp-cp-hm-bq - ti-i-h- G-Xv- ar-k-øns - t]-cm-wv- - B-\ ti-c-f-øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- am-en-\y-ap- - \-K-cw- - tim-gn-t m-sv Kp-cp-Z- n-w-bm-bn- kz- w- hn-c - t{zm- W - p- ap-dn- p-\ -In-b-Xv- - G-I-e-hy G- -hpw- {]-_-e-\m-b- kn-jv- `-c-wm-[n- Im-cn- - c-rv-pn-øv- kn-mv kv-]m-\n-jv- ]n- p-s - m- bp- w- Xp-S-ßnb-Xv ss\ -bp- -Øn - G- p-ap- n-b- cm-py߃- - Cw- - pw- {^m- kpw kz-x-{ -`m-c-x-øn-se- B-Zy- hn-zym-`ymk-a-{ n- - au-em-\m- B-km-Zv tem-i-p-\-kw-jy- A-dp-\q-dp- tim-sn- Xn- I- - Zn-h-kw H-Iv-tSm-_ tem-i-sø- 70 i-x-am-\w- c-xv-\-ß-fpwap-dn- p-i-bpw- t]m-fn-jv- sn-øp- -Xpw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- -kq-d-øv sn-ω-cn-bm-sn-s - tcm-aw- \n -an- n-cn- p- - t{]m- o- - si-cm- n P-\n-X-I-kz-`m-h-Øn-\v- \n-zm-\-am-b- X- m-{x- G-Xm-Wv- - Un.-F-.-F sn-sn-i-sf- B-I -j-i-am-b- co-xn-bn sh- n-sbm-cp- p- - co-xn- - tsm- n-b-dn ti-c-f-øn-\p- ]p-d-øv- ti-c-f- ssl-t m- S-Xn- v- A-[n-Im-c- ]-cn-[n-bp- - ÿ-ew- - e- -Zzo-]v sp- v- hn-am-\-߃- v- k- -cn- m- D- Ø-a-am-b- A- -co- - ]m-fn- - kv-{sm-t m- kv-^n-b `m-c-xo-b- hn-zym-`-h- ÿm-]n- p- -Xn- \p- ap- ssi- F-Sp-Ø-Xv- - si.-fw.-ap- jn `q-cn-]- w- tim-a- -sh -Øv- cm-py-ßfpw- B-cp-sS- tim-f-\n-bm-bn-cp- p- - {_n sj -jm-bp-ss- i-h-ip-so-cw- F-hn-sS-bm- Wv- - k-k-cmw-(_o-lm -) Pm-en-b- hm-em- _m-kv- Iq- -s m-e- k- a-b-sø- ssh-t{km-bn- - snw-kv-t^m - Uv- {]-`p sn-º-g- n- B-cp-sS- P- w- sim- p- {]- kn- -am-wv- -{io-\m-cm-b-w-kp-cp O-Øo-kv-K-Vv- kw-ÿm-\-øn-s - X-eÿm-\w- - dm-bv-]q C- y-bn - sx- p-]-sn- m-d- a- -kq- - D -`-hn- p- -Xv- F-hn-sS-\n- v- - C- y- a-lm-k-ap-{z-øn -\n- v C- y-bn - t]m - p-ko-kp-im - \n -an- - B-Zy- ]- n- - sk- v- {^m- kn-kv- ]- n Iym-_n-\- v- an-j- C- y-bn - h- - h - jw kp -Øm- _-tø-cn- F- - ÿ-e-\maw- B-cp-sS- t]-cn -\n- m-wv- cq-]w-sim- -Xv- - Sn- p kq-cn- \-ºq-Xn-cn- m-sv- G-Xp- Ir-Xn-bn-em- Wv- - C-µp-te-J N-en- p- - Im-hyw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - \r-ø-cq-]w- - `-c-x-\m-syw sk-ep- -kn-s\- bp- -Øn - ]-cm-p-bs -Sp-Øn-b- cm-pm-hv- - N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-aucy spm-hm- Hm-^v- B - n-s - kz-tz-iw- - {^m- kv ss]-\m-hv- G-Xv- Pn- -bp-ss- B-ÿm-\- am-wv- - C-Sp- n ti-c-f- ap-jy-a-{ n-am-cn - ]-søm- ]- Xmw- \q- m- n - P-\n- - G-I- hy- n- - ]- w- Xm-Wp-]n ti-c-f-sø- B-Zy-am-bn- a-e-_m - F- phn-fn- -Xv- - A - s_-dq-wn tnm-f- cm-py-sø- {]-[m-\- \-Zn-bm-bn-cp- -Xv- - Im-th-cn Uyp-dm- v- I- v- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - k - tam - n-a - Uyp-dm- v sã-bn- se-kv- Ão-en-s - L-S-I- teml-߃- - C-cp-ºv-(73%-),- t{im-an-bw-(18%-),- \n- -(8%-),- Im -_- -(1%-) N-c - p- v- hn-t\m-z-k- m-c- ti-{µw- G-Xp- Pn- -bn - - ]-Ø-\w-Xn I-fn-I-fp-sS- cm-pm-hv- - Ip-Xn-c- - -bw Sn-_n-b,-^n-_p-e- F- o- A-ÿn-Iƒ- F- hn-ss- Im-W-s -Sp- p- - Im sh-fn- w- Zpx-J-am-Wp-Æn...-F- -Xv- B-cpsS- h-cn-iƒ- - A- n-øw si.-f-kv.-b.-sn.-kn.- \n-e-hn - h- - h - jw (G-{]n -) sn- p-fw- ]- -Xn- G-Xp- \-Zn-bn - - ap- Xn-c- p-g tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- sn-dn-b- a- yw- - ]n- n- tkm-_n sp.-kn.-_n.- F- - t]-cn-e-dn-b-s -Sp- b-{ -Øn-s - a-s m-cp- t]-cv- - s]m-ss bv A-Iv-_ - lm -Un-L- v- bp- -Øn - dm- Wm- {]-Xm-]n-s\- txm -]n- - h -jw Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw- td-un-tbm- \n-e-bw- Bƒ- C- ym- td-un-tbm- G-s -Sp-Ø-Xv sn- -ti-i-h- t -{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - t_-eq km-[m-c-w-xm-]-\n-e-bn - G- -hpw- Ipd- v- hn-i-kn- p- - ]-Zm -Yw- - h-{pw Nm-{µ-bm-{X- I-gn- v- \o - Bw-kv-t{Sm- Mpw- Iq- -cpw- Xn-cn-sI- C-d-ßn-b- k-ap- {Zw- -]-k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw `m-c-x-c-xv-\w- t\-sn-b- H-cp- Ip-Spw-_-Ønse- aq- p- X-e-ap-d- - P-hm-l -em - s\- {lp,- C-µn-cm-Km-\v-[n,- cm-po-hv-km-\v-[n `q-h-ev-i-øn-s - F-{X- i-x-am-\-am-wv- Hm- Iv-kn-P Im-Ø-en-Iv- kn-dn-b- _m- n-s - B- ÿm-\w- - Xr-»q a-e-bm-fn-bm-b- e- v-an- F- ta-t\m- ti-{µ-a-{ n-bm-bn-cp- p.- G-Xv- kw-ÿm- \-Øp-\n- m-wv- A-h - ]m -e-sa- n-se- Øn-b-Xv- - _o-lm -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - am - Øm-Wv-U-h -a-bp-ss- kv-ym-\m-tcm-l-ww- G-Xv- h -j-øn - -F.-Un tpm -Pv- A- m-a- cm-pm-hn-s - C- y- k-µ -i-\-k-a-b-øv- ssh-t{km-bn- lm -Un- v- {]-`p Im- - _-dn- ss-bv -kv- \n -an- -Xv- - tpm- {^n- Nu-k em-dn- G-Xv- cm-py-sø- \m-w-b-am-wv- - tpm -Pn-b em-tlm - Ãp-U- v-kv- bq-wn-b- cq-]- h-xv-i-cn- -Xv- - `-K-Xv- knw-kv ]m-gv-`q-an-bn-se- I -]-hr- w- F- -dn-bs -Sp- -Xv- -I-ip-am-hv s]- Kzn-\p-Iƒ- Im-W-s -Sp- -Xv- -Z- n- W-{[p-hw N-cn-{Xw- tp-xm- -fm - F-gp-X-s -Sp- p- -F- p- ]-d- -Xv- -k - hn- Ã- - N - n sf-iy-cm-jv-{s-k-`-bp-ss- Nm - - \n-ehn - h-cp-tºmƒ- A-Xn - F-{X- cm-pyß-fm-wv- H- p- sh- -Xv {]-Y-a- am- _p- - ss{]-kv- t\-sn-b- C-kv-am-bn - Jm-Zn-sd- G-Xp- cm-py- m-c- \m-wv- - A -t_-\n-b H- mw- ]m-\n- - p-bp- -Øn - _m-_ - B-sc-bm-Wv- ]-cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv- - C- {_m-lnw- tem-zn Nm-Nv-\m-a- F- - Ir-Xn- F-hn-S-sØ- N- cn-{x-am-wv- {]-Xn-]m-Zn- p- -Xv- - kn- v sj -jm-bp-ss- i-h-ip-so-cw- \n -an- -Xv- - sj -jm kp -Øm-\- d-kn-b- A-an-X-am-b- Zm- n- Wyw- Im-Wn- - A-_n-ko-\n-b- A-Sn-a- - P-em-ep-±o- bm- q-øv {^- v- A-[o-\-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp- - C- y- `q-{]-tz-iw- - am-ln A-h-km-\-sØ- \-µ-cm-pm-hv- - [-\-\-µ _p- -s - a-i- - cm-lp-e kn - v- ]m-x- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv- - \m- Yp-e- Np-cw sd-bn -th- sse- C- m-ø,- ti-c-f-ønse- Pn- -Iƒ- - C-Sp- n,- h-b-\m-sv Kp-P-dm-Øv- `-cn- - tkm-f- n-(nm-eq-iy-)-hwi-øn-se- G- -hpw- a-lm-\m-b- cm-pm-hv- - P-b-knw-l-kn- -cm-p Pu- -]q-cn-se- jm - n- hw-iw- ÿm-]n- -Xv- - am-en-iv- k -hm kz-x-{ - C- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-P- v- A-h-X-cn- n- -Xv- - B.-sI.-j- -ap-jw- sn- n tem-i-øn-se- G- -hpw- ]-g- -ap- - tzio-b- ]-Xm-I- G-Xp- cm-py-øn-t -Xv- - su- m - v ti-c-f- hm-ev-ao-in- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- - h- -tømƒ- \m-cm-b-w-ta-t\m hn- n- hn- o-kv- D-jv-W-N-{I-hm-Xw- F-hnsS-bm-Wv- ho-ip- -Xv- - Hm-kv-t{S-en-b B-Nm-cy- P-K-Zo-iv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- s_m- m-wn- - Km -U- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- - sim - -Ø \m-kv-]q - hn-am-\-øm-h-fw- G-Xv- t\-xmhn-s - kv-a-c-wm -Yw- \m-a-i-c-ww- sn- bv-xn-cn- p- p- -_n.-b.-aw-t_-zv-i Xn-cp-h-\- -]p-cw- Pn- -bn-se- G- -hpw- D- b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- sim-sp-ap-sn- -A-K-kv-Xy-Iq- Sw \m-j-w - A- -kv-sa- v- B- v- A-{I- Un-t -j- Iu- -kn-en-s - (\m-iv-)- B- ÿm-\w- -_mw- q sim-xp-iv- a-\p-jy-km-ao-]yw- Xn-cn- -dn-bp- -sx-ß-s\- - hn-b - n-se- em-iv-sn-iv- A- æw- a-w-ø-dn- v sk-dn- Iƒ- - F- p-am-bn- _-\v-[-s - n-cn- p- p- - ]- p-\q - Ir-jn ]-Ø-\w-Xn- - Pn- -bp-ss- cq-]-h-xv-i-c-w- Øn-\v- ap- ssi-sb-sp-ø-bmƒ- - si.- si.-\m-b kv-]m-\n-jv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-j-b- m-ø- H-tc-sbm-cp- a-[y- A-ta-cn- - cm-pyw- - s_-en-kv tem-i- o-c-zn-\w- - Pq kv-]m-tcm- Iym-a - F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - ]- n- -H- -I- - n kv-im- Un-t\-hn-b- cm-py-ß-fn - G- -hpw- h-ep-xv- G-Xv- - kzo-u kw-l-im-e-sø- cm-p-hw-i-ß-fn - an- I- - \m-hn-i-tk-\-sb- \n-e-\n -Øn-bncp- -Xv- - tnm-f- am `m-c-xv- \u-p-hm- k-`- cq-]-h-xv-i-cn- - Xv- - `-K-Xv- knw-kv a-xn-bm-b- {]m-xn-\n-[y-ap-d- m- m- \nb-a-k-`-bn-te- v- Bw-t m- C- y- Aw- K-ß-sf- \m-a-\n -t±-iw- sn-øm- B - m-wv- A-[n-Im-cw-?- -K-h -W sn-dn-bm- -s - {Iq-c-Ir-Xy-߃- F- kn-\n-a-bp-ss- kw-hn-[m-b-i- - tpm- - F-{_-lmw ti-c-f- hn-zym-`ym-k- _n- n-s - in -]n- - tpm-k-^v- ap- -t»-cn Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq - k -h-i-em-im-e-bp-sst]-cv- ti-c-f- k -h-i-em-im-e- F- p- am- n-b- h -jw sim-wm - n-se- kq-cy-t -{Xw- ]-Wn- I-gn- n- -Xv- - ]q -h- Kw-Km-hw-i-Øn-se- \-c-knw-l-tz-h X-fn-t m- - bp- -Øn - hn-p-b-\-k-cssk-\y-sø- \-bn- -Xv- - cm-a-cm-b ]-cn-wm-a-t{i-wn-bn-se- H-Sp-hn-e-sØ- I- Æn- -a-\p-jy tem-i-øv- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - P-\-kw- Jy-bp- - k-_v- \m-j-w - F- n- n- - D- Ø -{]-tz-iv Np- - h- -ß-fp-sS- \m-sv- F- -dn-b-s - Sp- -Xv- - Ip- -\m-sv `m-c-x-c-xv-\w- In- n-b-h-cn - C- y- D- ]-`q-j-wv-u-øn-\p- sh-fn-bn - ]u-c- Xz-ap- - G-I- hy- n- - s\ -k- - a- t -e ti-{µ- a-{ n-k-`-bv- v- Iq- p-ø-c-hm-zn-xzw- D- -Xv- - tem-iv-k-`-tbm-sv Np-h- v,- ]- - \n-d-߃- tn - m - In- p- - \n-dw- - a sn-ωo- F- - kn-\n-a-bv- v- Xn-c- -Y- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- - F-kv.-F.-]p-cw- k-zm-\- µ im- -k-ap-{zw- F- -dn-b-s -Sp- - k-ap- {Zw- -]-k-^n-iv- k-ap-{zw Im -jn-i- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn- G -s -Sp- Øn-b- B-Zy- C- y- kw-kv-ym-\w- - ]- m-_v Im-am-Jy-t -{Xw- F-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-øv- - A-kw I-Æq-cn-se- sk- v- B- -tem- tim- - \n -an- -Xv- - t]m - p-ko-kp-im {In- - v,- ti- v,- k - -kv- (3 kn- -Iƒ-)- C-h-bp-am-bn- _- -s -Sp-Øn- ]-d-bm-hp- - ti-c-f-øn-se- {]-tz-iw- - X-e-t»-cn k- m-cn-bm-b- A - a-kq-zn-bp-ss- ap-gph- t]-cv- - A-_p - l-k- A-en- A am-kv- Du-Zn I-ºn-fn-bn - A-S-ßn-bn-cn- p- - amwkyw- - B -^m- si-cm- n K- n-d- \n -am-w-øn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn- p- - Po-hn- - D-Sp-ºv F-hn-Sp-sØ- N-cn-{X-sØ- - n-bm-wv- cm- P-X-cw-Kn-Wn-bn - {]-Xn-]m-Zn- p- -Xv- - I-iv-ao ss{i-tkm-sse- v- B-kv-_-tÃm-kv- G- -hpw- Iq-Sp-X - D -]m-zn- n- p- - C- y- kw-ÿm-\w- - B-{ m-{]-tz-iv ss{i-kv-x-h- Im-fn-Zm-k- F- -dn-b-s - -Xv- - I- - -b-øn - sn-dn-bm- am- n-f {]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn- h -[n- n- p- - hn- m-an- - hn- m-an- kn