TISK IN ELEKTRONIKA Matija Mraović (matija.mraovic@icp-lj.si) Inštitut za celulozo in papir Napetost in tok
Volt in Amper Električna napetost nam pove, koliko dela je potrebno opraviti za premik neke elektrine po neki poti v električnem polju. Enota za napetost je Volt [V] Električni tok je definiran kot količina naboja, ki v danem časovnem intervalu preteče skozi dani presek. Enota za tok je Amper [A] Volt vs Amper = Ohm Razmerje med napetostjo in tokom določa električna upornost. R = U / I [Ω]
Volt * Amper = Watt (Moč) P = U * I [W] Električni tok s pretakanjem skozi snov proizvaja toplotni učinek oz. segreva tvarino, skozi katero se pretaka. Prav tako lahko ustvarja tudi magnetni, kemični ali mehanski učinek ta učinek bo toliko močnejši, kolikor je večji zmnožek jakosti toka in napetosti, ki je ta tok pognal skozi tokokrog. Ta zmnožek se zato imenuje moč ali električni učinek toka. Veličino moči označujemo s P, enote moči pa se izražajo v vatih (krajšava W). Vat se mestoma imenuje tudi voltamper (VA), čeprav naziva glede na pomen nista povsem istovetna. Moč 1 W proizvaja tok moči 1 A tedaj, ko je ustvarjena s pomočjo napetosti 1 V oz. porabnik, ki je skozenj pod napetostjo 1 V pretekel tok jakosti 1 A, troši 1 W moči. Elementi v elektroniki Analogni: Upor Kondenzator Tuljava Dioda Tranzistor Digitalni: Logična vezja Mikroprocesorji (Mikro)računalniki 0 in 1 (RFID, Internet, pamet )
Upor U/I karakteristika je linearna Mehanska analogija: Trenje, zračni upor Kondenzator (kapacitivnost) Kondenzator je elektrotehniški element, ki lahko shranjuje energijo v obliki električnega polja. Količino shranjene energije imenujemo kapacitivnost, kjer so enote Faradi. Mehanska analogija: vzmet
Tuljava (induktivnost) Dušilka, navitje ali tuljava je elektronski element z dvema priključkoma, katerega glavna značilnost je induktivnost. Induktivnost Mehanska analogija: masa Transformator Transformator je statična električna naprava, ki preoblikuje (transformira) električno energijo ene izmenične napetosti in enega izmeničnega toka v električno energijo druge izmenične napetosti in drugega izmeničnega toka iste frekvence. Je najenostavnejši električni stroj.
Polprevodniki Polprevodnik je monokristalna snov, ki ima brez dovedene energije lastnosti električnega izolatorja, pri dovolj veliki dovedeni energiji pa ima lastnosti slabega električnega prevodnika. Od tod tudi njegovo ime. Uporabljajo se za izdelavo nelinearnih elektronskih elementov (dioda, tranzistor, čip, triak,...). Sodobne elektronike si ne moremo zamišljati brez polprevodnikov. Najbolj znan polprevodnik v elektroniki je silicij, uporablja pa se tudi germanij. Dioda
Tranzistor Tranzistor je polprevodniški elektronski element s tremi priključki, ki ga uporabljamo za ojačevanje, preklapljanje, uravnavanje napetosti, modulacijo signalov in v številne druge namene. Je eden ključnih gradnikov sodobne elektronike in uporabljen v praktično vsaki elektronski napravi. Električno vezje Električno vezje je sestavljeno iz najmanj enega vira električne energije, enega porabnika in vodnikov, ki povezujejo porabnik in vir. Sestavin v električnem krogu je lahko več oblik, ki lahko vključujejo elemente, kot so upori, kondenzatorji,stikala, transformatorji in elektronike. Elektronska vezja vsebujejo aktivne sestavine, običajno polprevodnike in po navadi kažejo nelinearno obnašanje, ki zahteva kompleksne analize. Najenostavnejši električni sestavni deli so tisti, ki se označijo kot pasivni in linearni.
Izdelava vezja Tiskanina
Tiskanina Polaganje elementov
Avtomatizirana izdelava PCBjev Integrirana vezja (čipi)
What is? q Intelligent packaging q Meta-paper / Frequency Selective Screen Intelligent packaging Interdisciplinary approach: Paper science, Graphical science, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Electronics, Management, Printed displays, indicators Printed antennas, sensors New designs, New materials, Nanomaterials? 22
Intelligent packaging Includes: q Internal and external sensing q Monitoring of parameters vital for the goods inside q Parameter recording and storing for later analysis (optimization) q Shelf life calculation q Communication q Protection (anti-tampering, anti-counterfitting, damaged ) q Transport and storage monitoring q Life cycle monitoring 23 Intelligent packaging TRENDI RAZVOJA QR code + mobile phone extra info web shopping, marketing Bar code >>>> RFID 24
Intelligent packaging PRINTED ELECTRONICS Flexible materials (paper, carton, foil ) Functional printing inks Conventional printing (not same perspective) Passive electronic components (antennas, sensors ) Active electronic components (displays, ICs ) Intelligent packaging PRINTED ELECTRONICS Conventional print (illusion) (CMYK) Printed electronics functional inks prevodna TB
Intelligent packaging PRINTED HUMIDITY SENSORS Capacitive humidity sensors Gas sensor modification (functional coating) RFID sensor platform FABRICATED WITH SCREEN PRINTING Commercial conductive ink(polymer with silver micro/nano-particles) Heat curing Simple to fabricate Low resolution Surface roughness Issue with electrical contacts SENSOR DIMENSIONS 1X1 CM (A,B) 2X2 CM (A,B) 3X3 CM (A,B) ARRAYS WITH ALL DIMENSIONS OF BASE TYPE SENSORS. TWO SENSOR TYPES Lateral (comb) type capacitor - A Flat plate capacitor B 28
Layoutofthe printingform 2x2 array 1x1 array 1x1 cm 2x2 cm Flat plate 1x1 cm 2x2 cm 3x3 cm 3x3 cm array 29 Substrates and sensor labeling Vimax (recycled paper) M-Liner (cardboard) PackPro (food packaging paper) Poly-carbonate foil MAIN GOALS: Design and fabricate capacitive humidity sensors of different geometry and configuration. Test sensors on different cellulose based substrates. Find the optimum design (electrically and economically) for future work. The ultimate goal is to fabricate a RFID enabled system with screen printedsensors for use in smart packaging applications. ASSUMPTION: SENSOR RESPONSE IS A FUNCTION OFSUBSTRATE. C1 (1 1 cm), C2 (2 2 cm), C3 (3 3 cm); comb type K1 (1 1 cm), K2 (2 2 cm), K3 (3 3 cm); comb type V2 (2 2 cm); comb type PC (2 2 cm); comb type 30
Testing in the humidity chamber at the Faculty of electrical engineering, Ljubljana CONSTANT TEMPERATURE: T = 23 C RELATIVE HUMIDITY RANGE: 35 % - 80 % Rh MEASURING QUANTITIES: CAPACITANCE [F] CONDUCTANCE [S] 4 MEASUREMENT SERIES: From low (35 % Rh) to high (80 % Rh) 5 % Rh step, step duration 1h From high to low 5 % Rh step, step duration 1h Cycling the Rh from 35 % - 80 % - 40 % Rh 10 % Rh step, 1h Cycling the Rh from 80 % - 35 % - 70 % Rh 10 % Rh step, 1h Can track up to 16 sensors simultaneously with arbitrary period ( 30s ). 31 x 10-10 Time response plot DATA FROM CYCLING MEASUREMENT (35 % - 80 % - 40 % RH) Lazy and lower response at low Rh (< 50 % Rh) Saturation and over response at Rh > 80 % Time response Capacitance [F] 3 2.5 2 1.5 C1 C2 C3 K1 K2 K3 PC V2 RhSet Rh 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 Rh [%] 1 0.5 0 11:17 12:34 13:35 14:39 15:42 16:44 17:45 18:52 20:01 21:10 22:20 Time 32
3.5 x 10-10 C vs Rh plot DATA FROM CYCLING MEASUREMENT (35 % - 80 % - 40 % RH) Logarithmic response type Hysteresis (evident at Rh > ~60 % Rh) higher capacitance with moist sensor (from 80 % to 40 % Rh) lower capacitance with dry sensor (from 35 % to 80 % Rh) Capacitance vs Rh 3 2.5 C1 C2 C3 K1 K2 K3 PC2 V2 Capacitance [F] 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Rh [%] 33 Relative sensitivity plot: S R vs Rh DATA FROM CYCLING MEASUREMENT (35 % - 80 % - 40 % RH) All sensors in the same region of sensitivity (also P-C foil) More sensitive when moist 60 C1 dry Relative sensitivity (S R ) C1 moist C2 dry 50 C2 moist C3 dry C3 moist K1 dry 40 K1 moist K2 dry K2 moist K3 dry S R [%] 30 K3 moist PC2 dry PC2 moist V2 dry 20 V2 moist P2 dry P2 moist 10 0 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Rh [%] 34
In conclusion: SENSOR RESPONSE IS NOT A FUNCTION OF SUBSTRATE, IT'S A FUNCTION OF CONDUCTIVE INK (POLYMER). LOGARITHMIC RESPONSE. HYSTERESIS. REPEATABILITY IS POOR. CAN BE USED FOR SIMPLE APPLICATIONS WHERE IT'S ONLY IMPORTANT TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DRY AND WET. CHEAP (MASS PRODUCIBLE), EASILY FABRICATED AND INTEGRATED INTO PRODUCTS (EG. PACKAGING). PROBLEMS ENERGY SUPPLY ELECTRICAL CONTACTS 35 META-PAPER / FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SCREEN The frequency selective surfaces (FSS) are periodic structures in either one or two dimensions which perform a filter operation. Depending on their construction, material and geometry, they are divided into low-pass, highpass, band-pass and band-stop filters. 3D 2D - printed 36
META-PAPER / FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SCREEN APPLICATIONS Frequency splitting Cassegrain reflectors Frequency filtering (reflecting) EM radiation protection Wireless data protection Antenna power directing IR radiation reflecting 37 META-PAPER / FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SCREEN STRUCTURE (2D PRINTED) Periodic conducting patterns (meta-cells) Dimensions proportional to wave-length Passive antenna (reflector) analysis approach 38
META-PAPER / FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SCREEN META-CELL 39 META-PAPER / FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SCREEN MEASUREMENT RESULTS Screen-printing Ag-ink Operation @ 3,0 GHz 40
META-PAPER / FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SCREEN 41 META-PAPER / FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SCREEN IR reflector (~10 micron print?) Printed antennas (radar, Wi-Fi; performance?) Cheap solutions (maritime, cars ) 42
Intelligent packaging / electronic components Meta-paper (fundamental physical property of paper altered) ALL ACHIEVABLE BY PRINT! ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Thanks to Vipap d.d., for supporting and fully financing the meta-paper research. 43 Elektroluminiscentni zasloni 44
Elektroluminiscentni zasloni 45 Kapacitivna stikala 46
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Novi materiali Tiskani tranzistorji (polprevodniki) Tiskana integrirana vezja Tiskani računalniki (paralelni) MEMs Prihodnost 49